Marketing Mix Essay Example for Free

Marketing Mix Essay â€Å"Marketing Mix† is a set of strategy marketing tools that a firm mingles and pursues its marketing objective in the target market. (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006, p.51) The main purpose of marketing is satisfies the needs of consumers. This concept was introduced by Harvard University Professor Neil Borden first adopted in 1964. (Neil Borden, 1964) It is the basis for the development of corporate marketing strategy in order to guarantee and satisfaction consumer needs and wants. In addition, it is also a trick for corporate against a strong competitor to rational allocation of corporate marketing budget costs and avoids the market failure. In the early 1950s, Professor McCarthy inference if a firm wants to develop marketing activities should be controlled factors grouped into four categories which are product, price, place and promotion. (McCarthy, 1960) The emergence of the marketing mix means that the concept of market operators to complete the transformation of old and new regulations read, the development of new ideas marketing concept. The marketing concept is the core of the target customers needs as the centre, the implementation of the marketing mix focusing on the overall market to obtain profits and achieve corporate marketing objectives. For example, the marketers will use the tools to adapt the consumer differ from that of a traditional and new technology product which is telegraph and Apple. The telegraph is a kind of communication services in the early 19th century invention, is the earliest use of electricity to communicate. The telegraph has greatly accelerated the flow of messages, is one of the important inventions of the industrial society. Early telegraph communications in the land, and later used the submarine cable to carry out long-distance service. To the early 20th century, began to use the radio sent telegram to the telegraph business basically have been able to reach most of the region on Earth. Telegraph is mainly used as a pass text messages. (Robert, 2012) Apples was established in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the core business is electronic technology products. The most famous product is the MacBook, iPod music player, iTunes Store, iPhone and the iPad Tablet PC. It is known for innovation in high-tech enterprise. When they introduced  iphone4 and iPad, it is shook the entire world, because it delivers the latest advanced and progressive in the smart phone to the people. Coupled with the advances of the Internet, people can communicate with each other in the quickest and shortest possible time. (Shane, 2010, p.2) When the telegraph was invented was shook the world; Apple technology developed was also shook the world. However, two products were invented at different times, so the marketing mix will be also different. Marketing Mix Tools Product Product is anything that can be offered to the market/consumer in order to satisfy their needs and wants. The types of product divide into tangible (physical goods) and intangible (services). (Philip Kotler et al, 2005, p.34) The telegraph was provided service to send the message from place to place and the Apple Company was provided physical goods to consumer e.g. IPhone and MacBook. According the MarketingTeacher theory, the core level of the two products is same. The reasons that both products shocked the world are the great inventions and consumers really want to buy for communications. 19th century, the augmented product are limited because the technology is not so developed, the telegraph service will be hampered, such as, Malaysia sent a telegram to the British have to spend more on time. Moreover, this service is difficult to guarantee that service failure in the middle or cannot reach. (Marketingteacher, 2012) However, at that time, the telegraph is the most advanced ways of communication. The telegraph introduced was successful to meet the consumers expectations. The Telegraph can do is keep the research becomes more convenient such as e-mail developed. With the advancement of the Internet, using IPhone to send information may only need a few of seconds or minutes. Advanced technology has been sufficient to attract and influence customers to buy e.g. Internet-ready communications device complete with email, web browsing, maps, application and more Apple has been able to become the largest electronics company because the brand-strategy decision. According Kotler and Keller theory, a company has 4 choices when it comes to brand strategy. Apples continuous  with line extension in recent years, such as the IPhone 3 development to the iPhone 4s. In addition, they also focus on brand extension e.g. IPod music player, MacBook, and IPad. (Kotler and Keller, 2011, p.260-261) Constant innovation will affect consumers become more eager to get better items. Apples was stimulated the certain product by implementing new design, operability, and user-friendly features. (Shane, 2010, p.13-19) Price Price is the amount of money paid by consumers in order to obtain goods and services. It is the most flexible marketing mix tools compared to the other three P because it can be changed according to certain situations. (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006, p.290) For example, price can change to low when serve a familiar customer. The era of the telegraph, telegraph monopoly by one company and demand more than supply. The absence of competitors, the level of prices is actually not greater impact on consumer decision-making. (Anonymous, 2010) In fact, the telegraph has reached maturity which mean successfully to maximize profit and maintain the market share, but in the end cannot be avoided the market penetration by new technology such as telephone and fax. Nowadays, the harvest strategies for the telegraph were still processing, but it become the history and use less service. â€Å"Apple also plans to continue lowering product prices, despite the fact that doing so would affect the company’s gross margins unfavourably.† (Shane, 2010, p.19) This obviously shows Apple considering the current trend. There are a lot of competitors, the price must be reduced, and consumers will give priority to their own economic situation and needs. For example, the MacBook is very expensive, but other brands have the same technology, but the price is low, then the Apple will lose in price. In fact, there are many factors to help Apple successful, such as, iPhone does not have the driving force without internet, or, people do not have high purchasing power in less advanced country, Place Place refers to urban and suburban whereby goods and services are made available to customer. (Philip Kotler et al, 2005, p.34) Location is also very important tactic, if the telegraph company established beside garbage,  this is impossible there are business opportunities. Apples successful because it expands the market size of the companys product to every urban in the worlds. They have a priority to brand honor, low price, and then choose a high population place, coupled with a reasonable promotion, the consumer is difficult to reject the attractive of the good opportunity to satisfy the needs and wants. For example, consumers can buy the iPhone in every city. Even if Apple was provide a good product, but there are other factors to affect the sales volume such as PEST. For example, in Malaysia, the government set the minimum salary is not high; economic downturn; the extremists are not satisfied with phone radiation; or higher scientific and technological discovery. The contrary, the telegraph machine may be a country only a few units, if consumer want to send a message, he must go very far in order to be sent information. However, they share the invention to the world, thus affecting the entire market. Countries can use the telegraph to the purchase of advanced equipment from foreign countries, is very fast compared to letters. Communications make it easier for the world to develop their own countries, such as London and New York. At the same time, the inventions of telegraph available share to other inventors in order to research and development other invention, such as telephone and Internet. Promotion Promotion is a planned effort of an organization to communicate the company offerings to customer as well as trade members, it is also known as marketing communications. (Philip Kotler et al, 2005, p.34) As competition, Apples combinations of more promotional tools (promotion mix) (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006, p.290) used to provide information and services to consumers, such as advertising the new type of iPhone 4s, or, remind the iPad product still available on market. And, sales promotion which is the package promotion provided by the middle man. For example, Maxis communicate company launched buy in low price with two 2 year contract for using Maxis service line. (Maxis 2012) In opposite, the telegraph was invented, may be placed on billboards to inform the existence of the telegraph service. Or, they may in publish in the newspaper to post the benefits of the telegraph.  Today it is impossible to see the telegraph promotional, because the telegraph has reached decline stage in product life-cycle. The promotion is a very important tool to reach consumers, providers must be given attractive and priorities guideline to consumers, in order to achieve market comparative advantages Conclusion Conclusion, if the company has long existed in the market, consideration must be given to 4p will not stop the service to the consumers. Second, companies must avoid all factors that influence consumer decisions making and continuous research and development in order to avoid be eliminated by new technology. - Question 2 (Part 2) a)  My name is Apple is a red with white strips of fruit plants. Apple flesh has a wealth of minerals and vitamins, the most commonly people used fruit. My flesh contains vitamin C and B, carotene, riboflavin, pyridoxine, dietary fibre and vitamin B complex, and so on Nutrition. Vitamin C is a powerful natural antioxidant which helps the body to develop and increase the resistance, and cleared from the body of the harmful free radicals. Dietary fibre can helps prevent absorption of dietary LDL cholesterol in the gut. The dietary fibres also help protect the mucous membrane of the colon from exposure to toxic substances by binding to cancer causing chemicals in the colon. (Nutrition-and-you, 2012) In addition, my skin is yellow, green and red, yellow and red where the flesh is sweet, while the blue is sweet with a tart. Planting apple will not be very difficult, farmer only need the seeds of apple and buried in the soil to take care of, in the end can grow a new generation of â€Å"me†. Peoples market, consumer can buy me with 0.2 pounds per unit. However, not every country of the soil can be cultivated apple, in some countries, the weather was too hot, or too cold, there are not suitable to  grow a sweet and delicious apple e.g. Arabia and Egypt. (Rutuja Jathar, 2011) My apple peel is rich in antioxidant function, so it gives me more durable. Businesses are regarded me long-distance transported to other countries, and keep fresh selling out. My fleshes bring a lot of benefit; therefore, businesses have to use my benefits to earn profit in the market. Some marketers edit my appearance as a billboard to let people know the benefits; some lecturer launch courses to teach people why eat apple; some even speak An apple a day keeps the doctor away., let people every days put me into their mouth. But I am very happy, because it can provide nutrition to the people, and also to give business opportunities to the businesses. b) The 21st century, as the peoples lifestyle changes, healthy is the future trends. Marketers were took my benefits packed into the marketing mix to make a profit e.g. health care products. In fact, the benefits also allow employers to solve some problems, that is, reduce the employees work attitude. Some unemployed tradesmen are quite willing to interview, but less than enthusiastic about taking a job. In fact, every companys marketing strategy will directly affect the employees attitude, such as the companys tactics cannot growth the profit, so will make employee lose fighting spirit. My marketing mix, it is undeniable that can help many employees. First, according to the Matt Michel theory, the visibility and benefits of the product is to improve the companys sales. Sales will be able to enhance the employees salary, which is the best reason to convince the employees. If the company is not profitable, the employee is no longer rescued by the employer. The employee will be particularly concerned about the ability to obtain better benefits, such as salary increase, allowances, and so on. Secondly, although the price is just one ringgit an apple, but this price is a very big influence to the market. Some people believe that the price of one ringgit is difficult to obtain more profit, but the global populations are more than 6.9 billion, if one person to eat an apple a day, if an apple earns 0.01 pounds, the employer successful to earn 69million. If the employer with a high brand image, employee can be proud to work in the  company. Thirdly, apple can sell all over the world can affect the employment rate. Some places cannot grow apples, but the employer can transfer the apple to the country with the advance of technology e.g. keep fresh and air transportation. The finally is promotion. â€Å"An apple a day keeps the doctor away’, I believe everyone knows the proverb. There is no doubt that it was enough to affect the consumers of existing and next generation, and only need the proverb advertising to remind the consumers to buy it. Apples low has been reached maturity, unless it was confirmed that the Apple bringing harmful, otherwise the employee will agree that the business opportunity of apple will not be end. (Matt Michel, 2010) c)  Admittedly, I have many benefits but also have a negative side. Apple skin can protect the pulp of fresh, but if it loses the apple skin, the pulp will become no nutrition and broken just in ten minutes, so consumers must be finish it in short time. Of course, the solution is placed the flesh in the water contains antioxidant, so apple can maintain and extend the nutrition of the flesh, but this is only a temporary solution, it is best to immediately eat. Apple is a natural plant items, Apple can improve peoples health, which is the largest business opportunities. Consumer only can use the existing technology to maintain the nutrition of apple such as plastic fresh wrap. Reference Part 1 reference Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2006. Principles of Marketing 14th edition, p.51-290, Pearson Education Limited, Prentice Hall, USA. Borden, Neil H. (1964), The Concept of the Marketing Mix, Journal of Advertising Research, 4 (2), 2-7. Robert McNamara, unknown year (2012 copyright). The Invention of the Telegraph Changed Communication Forever: A Communication Revolution Wired the World In the 19th Century, online, n.d, available from World Wide Web: http://history1800s.about.com/od/inventioninnovation/a/telegraph01.htm [accessed date 03th May 2012] Shane R. Mittan, 2010. APPLE: A Case Study Analysis, 28th Jan, Western Michigan University, West Michigan Ave, Kalamazoo, Philip Kotler, Veronica Wong, John Saunders, Gary Armstrong, 2005. Principles of Marketing, 4th European Edition, p.34-36, Pearson Education Limited, Mateu-Cromo Artes Graficas, Spain. Anonymous, 2010, History of the U.S Telegraph Industry, online, 01th Feb, available from World Wide Web: http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/nonnenmacher.industry.telegraphic.us [accessed date on 03th May 2012] Marketingteacher, 2012, Three Levels of a Product, online, n.d, available from World Wide Web: http://marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-three-levels-of-a-product.html# [Accessed date on 04th May 2012] Philip Kotler and Kevin Lane Keller, 2011. Marketing Management, 14th Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 18th Feb, p.260-261, Prentice Hall, USA. Maxis, 2012. iPhone 4S: iVALUE PLANS, online, n.d, available from World Wide Web: http://www.maxis.com.my/personal/iphone/rates.asp [accessed date on 04th May 2012] IOANNIS KOMNINOS, 2002, Product Life Cycle Management, online, n.d, source from URENIO, available from World Wide Web: http://www.urenio.org/tools/en/Product_Life_Cycle_Management.pdf [accessed date on 04th May 2012] Part 2 References Rutuja Jathar, 2011. Apple Trees Planting: Location, online, 20th September, available from World Wide Web: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/apple-trees-planting.html [accessed date on 07th May 2012] nutrition-and-you, 2012. Apple fruit nutrition facts, online, n.d, available from World Wide Web: http://www.nutrition-and-you.com/apple-fruit.html [accessed date on 07th May 2012] Matt Michel, 2010. tilize a marketing mix to recruit employees, online, 1st Nov, available from World Wide Web: http://contractormag.com/columns/michel/utilize-marketing-mix-1110 [accessed date on 07th May 2012]

Comparing the Gothic Revival in England Before and After 1820 Essay

Comparing the Gothic Revival in England Before and After 1820 The Gothic revival in England before and after 1820 was very different in many ways. Before the start of the Gothic revival the mediaeval style, since the last Gothic structure in 1509 of Henry VII ’s chapel, was seen as irrational and illogical and as one man described it as barbaric. This was one of the main causes that the mediaeval buildings of the 18th century fell into disrepair. During the Cromwellian period many Gothic buildings were classical in the interior and church interiors in the 17th century became increasingly boring and plain. Many statues, altars and windows were destroyed. Some attempts at gothic architecture were made in 17th century but many were a mix-match of ideas. Even though in the early1600’s there was an early flowering of mediaeval architecture with the Kings College in Cambridge. This carried on in to the 18th century where more and more people dabbled in the gothic style with out a full understanding of how gothic architecture worked as a structural system. They confused stages of the gothic period, which were later defined by Thomas Rickman in is writing, and also used Classical forms such as pilaster and venetian windows. Many interiors were of a classical form a layout and some times other style were thrown in. Some gothic forms were even used on the exterior of building where they didn’t perform the function they were meant to. This shows how little the architects of the 18th century studied the mediaeval and how little they understood it. The interest of Gothic grew more and more as gothic was seen to stimulate the imagination. It was seen as part of English romantic tradition, which sparked off an interest in artificial ruins in landscape design of the 18th century. Which was used as a means of heightening the atmosphere of the garden. An example of some artificial ruins is that of Wimpole hall designed by James Essex in 1768. Another inspirational architect in this time was William Kent. His designs using ogee pointed arches with a classical cornice inspired Batty Langley to produce a study in which he analyzed Gothic in terms of classical orders. A comparison with true mediaeval and Gothic architecture at this time shows that at this time all Gothic architecture was a decorative style to be applied as ornament to regular structures and s... .... After the houses of parliament burnt down the chosen style was Gothic not Classical. Pugin undertook all of the interior work. Another example was Scarisbirck Hall in Southport built in 1837 the great hall was with a timber framed roof with no classical plaster ceilings and it was all based on knowledge of the mediaeval architecture and all materials used were true. Pugin’s own house in St. Marie’s Grange built in1835 is based mediaeval vernacular forms it is stone built simplified Gothic and it used the theory of fitness for purpose. With regard to his house and his other works he said ‘a picturesque that arises out of strict utility’. John Ruskin(1819-1900) was very influential, his writings ‘Seven Lamps of Architecture’ influenced many people he had many similar view to Pugin apart from the fact he was Anglican and he led the way it their Gothic Revival. He also had a hope that there may be an acceptable style of iron architecture which may be developed so that Gothic could get a new lease of life. Works Cited: The Story of Architecture, Patrick Nuggins ,1996 History of Architecture Settings & Rituals, Spiro Kosof, 1985 Gothic Revival, Georg Germann, 1972

Energy Conservation in Transport

1.3 Transportation system Transportation is another sector that has increased its comparative portion of primary energy. This sector has serious concerns as it is a important beginning of CO2 emanations and other airborne pollutants, and it is about wholly based on oil as its energy beginning ( Figure 1.5 ; Kreith, West, and Isler 2002 ) . In 2002, the transit sector accounted for 21 % of all CO2 emanations worldwide. An of import facet of future alterations in transit depends on what happens to the available oil resources, production and monetary values. At present, 95 % of all energy for transit comes from oil. As explained subsequently in this chapter, irrespective of the existent sum of oil staying in the land, oil production will top out shortly. Therefore, the demand for careful planning for an orderly passage off from oil as the primary transit fuel is pressing. An obvious replacing for oil would be biofuels such as ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, biodiesel, and biogases. Some believe that H is another option, because if it could be produced economically from RE beginnings or atomic energy, it could supply a clean transit option for the hereafter. Some have claimed H to be a â€Å"wonder fuel† and hold proposed a â€Å"hydrogen-based economy† to replace the present carbon-based economic system ( Veziroglu and Barbir 1992 ) . However, others ( Shinnar 2003 ; Kreith and West 2004 ; Mazza and Hammerschlag 2005 ) difference this claim based on the deficiency of substructure, jobs with storage and safety, and the lower efficiency of H vehicles as compared to plug-in intercrossed or to the full electric vehicles ( West and Kreith 2006 ) . Already hybrid-electric cars are going popular around the universe as crude oil becomes more expensive. The environmental benefits of renewable biofuels could be increased by utilizing plug-in intercrossed electric vehicles ( PHEVs ) . These autos and trucks combine internal burning engines with electric motors to 0 20 40 60 80 100 1971 1980 1990 2002 Percentage Share of conveyance in planetary oil demand Share of oil in conveyance energy demand FIGURE 1.5 Share of conveyance in planetary oil demand and portion of oil in conveyance energy demand. ( Data and prognosis from IEA, World Energy Outlook, IEA, Paris, 2004. With permission. ) Global Energy System 1-5 maximise fuel efficiency. PHEVs have more battery capacity that can be recharged by stop uping it into a regular electric mercantile establishment. Then these vehicles can run on electricity entirely for comparatively short trips. The electric-only trip length is denoted by a figure, for example, PHEV 20 can run on battery charge for 20 stat mis. When the battery charge is used up, the engine begins to power the vehicle. The intercrossed combination reduces gasolene ingestion appreciably. Whereas the conventional vehicle fleet has a fuel economic system of about 22 mpg, loanblends such as the Toyota Prius can achieve about 50 mpg. PHEV 20s have been shown to attain every bit much as 100 mpg. Gasoline usage can be decreased even further if the burning engine runs on biofuel blends, such as E85, a mixture of 15 % gasolene and 85 % ethyl alcohol ( Kreith 2006 ; West and Kreith 2006 ) . Plug-in intercrossed electric engineering is already available and could be realized instantly without farther R & A ; D. Furthermore, a big part of the electric coevals substructure, peculiarly in developed states, is needed merely at the clip of peak demand ( 60 % in the United States ) , and the remainder is available at other times. Hence, if batteries of PHEVs were charged during off-peak hours, no new coevals capacity would be required. Furthermore, this attack would levelize the electric burden and cut down the mean cost of electricity, harmonizing to a survey by the Electric Power Research Institute ( EPRI ) ( Sanna 2005 ) . Given the potency of PHEVs, EPRI ( EPRI 2004 ) conducted a large-scale analysis of the cost, battery demands, economic fight of plug-in vehicles today and in the hereafter. As shown by West and Kreith, the net present value of lifecycle costs over 10 old ages for PHEVs with a 20-mile electric-only scope ( PHEV20 ) is less than that of a similar conventional vehicle ( West and Kreith 2006 ) . Furthermore, presently available Ni metal hydride ( NiMH ) batteries are already able to run into needed cost and public presentation specifications. More advanced batteries, such as lithium-ion ( Li-ion ) batteries, may better the economic sciences of PHEVs even further in the hereafter. 7.5.4 Transportation Energy Consumption Energy ingestion in the transit sector is projected to turn at an mean one-year rate of 1.7 % between 2003 and 2025 in the projection, making 39.4 quadrillion Btu in 2025. The growing in transit energy demand is mostly driven by the increasing personal disposable income, projected to turn yearly at approximately 3 % , consumer penchants for driving larger autos with more HP, and an addition in the portion of visible radiation trucks and athleticss public-service corporation vehicles that make up lightduty vehicles. Entire vehicle stat mis traveled by light-duty vehicles is projected to increase at an one-year rate of 2 % between 2003 and 2025 because of the addition in personal disposable income and other demographic factors. 8.1 Introduction This chapter presents tendencies in land usage, cargo, ground-transportation manners for people and cargo, transit fuel supply, and the chances for preservation that exist within each country. The chapter starts with a treatment of the transportation–land usage relationship for a better apprehension of the model within which the transit system maps and the design theories that purpose to influence manner pick and trip coevals. Next is a description of mass theodolite, with peculiar accent on how its energy usage compares to the energy usage of the car. The motion of cargo, its manners, and energy ingestion relation to the remainder of the transit system follows. Then, emerging hereafter engineerings are described ; the focal point of this subdivision is on vehicle efficiencies to conserve energy resources. Finally, the well-to-wheel energy analysis uniting fuel production and vehicle public presentation is presented, concentrating on what feedstocks are available and how they can be refined expeditiously into a fuel. 8.2 Land Use 8.2.1 Land Use and Its Relationship to Transportation There is a cardinal relationship between transit and land usage, because the distance between one’s beginning and finish will find the feasibleness, path, manner, cost, and clip necessary to go from one topographic point to another. Likewise, transit influences land usage as it impacts people’s determinations approximately where to populate and work, sing factors such as commute clip and cost, the distance to a quality school for a family’s kids, the safety and convenience of the paths to school, work, activities, and entree to goods and services. The best chance for preservation in transit Begins with the transportation–land usage relationship. An energy-efficient transit system feats and integrates all manners instead than merely the main road. However, current land usage ordinances, codifications, and development tendencies are designed entirely for the single-occupant vehicle ( SOV ) and do non expeditiously back up other travel options. A more balanced system that incorporates mass theodolite, walking, bicycling, and other options would be more energy-efficient. These manners are less energy intensive and would cut down traffic congestion, vehicle idleness, and inefficient stop-and-go traffic. However, land usage must be designed for multimodal motion for such a balanced system to be realized. Land usage and the population in the U.S. have become more decentralised over clip ( see Figure 8.1 ) . The distribution of land utilizations into residential, commercial, and concern countries increases the distances between the many day-to-day necessities of life so that walking and bicycling are either impracticable or insecure ; it besides makes mass theodolite inefficient because Michigans would be required to function each individual’s needs. Therefore, personal vehicles are the most convenient and most widely chosen manner of transit for day-to-day travel demands given the type of development most normally used in the U.S. A more systemsoriented attack, incorporating prosaic, bike, car, and mass-transit webs within a higher-density developmental construction would be more energy-efficient, but this state of affairs is non the norm in the U.S. today. 8.3 Alternate Transportation system: Mass Transit The efficiency of mass-transit service typically decreases with the denseness of land utilizations. However, denseness is non the individual factor finding the success or failure of a theodolite system. Vuchic ( 1999 ) notes the success of the theodolite webs in fanned countries of San Francisco, Washington, Montreal, Calgary, and peculiarly the suburbs of Philadelphia ( with a lower population denseness than that of Los Angeles: 3500 people per square stat mi ) . Many contrivers and designers suggest a â€Å"hierarchy† of manners instead than the individual manner system that dominates most countries: at the base is a web of bicycle- and pedestrianfriendly streets that support the local coach system, which in bend feeds a regional theodolite web. As each constituent relies on the others, their integrating is indispensable for transit’s success ( Calthorpe and Fulton 2001 ) . Furthermore, â€Å"the balance between auto and theodolite usage in cardinal metropoliss is strongly influenced by the character of the country ( its physical design, organisation of infinite, and types of development ) and by the comparative convenience and attraction of the two systems† ( Vuchic 1999 ) . 10. Narrow streets 9. Traffic volumes 8. Sidewalks 7. Street trees 6. Interconnected streets 5. On-street parking 4. Lower traffic velocities 3. Mixed land usage 2. Buildings looking the street 1. Small block size FIGURE 8.3 Top 10 walkability factors. ( From Hall, R. , Walkable thoroughfares through balanced design. Presentation at The Nuts & A ; Bolts of Traditional Neighborhood Development Conference, Richmond, VA, 2005. ) Several different types of theodolite exist to function the demands of the populace. â€Å"Demand response† describes the paratransit manner, by which a rider calls a starter who sends the theodolite vehicle ( a bird coach or cab ) to the passenger’s door and delivers her to her finish. Commuter rail denotes regional rail operating between a metropolis and its suburban countries ; light rail implies one or two autos utilizing overhead electricity as a power beginning and operating within a metropolis, frequently sharing the streets with cars ; heavy rail operates at high velocities within a separate right-of-way. Bus rapid theodolite ( BRT ) is deriving popularity as a system that grants buses their ain right-of-way so that they do non acquire caught in traffic congestion. BRT operates parallel to the street, such as in the median between travel lanes or in an sole bus-only lane ( see Figure 8.4 ) , and depending on the system, may besides acquire prioritization at traffic signals so that upon attack, the light bends green and the coach will non hold to wait at a ruddy visible radiation. Table 8.3 summarizes the features of each manner. Table 8.4 illustrates what percentages of the theodolite fleets use alternate fuels ( i.e. , fuels other than the conventionally used gasolene ) . The factors that determine what manner and what engineering are best for a given theodolite system include: †  The handiness of a separate right-of-way †  The distance between/frequency of Michigans ( i.e. , will it be regional, express or local service? ) †  The denseness of the environing country ( to find at what speeds the vehicle can safely go ) †  Expected rider volumes †  Size of the metropolis being served A separate right-of-way is non dependent on the bing conditions of the street web and provides great dependability ( since there are no traffice congestion holds ) , high velocity, short trip times, and overall convenience for riders. The potency of mass theodolite to conserve energy is a big, untapped resource. Table 8.5 illustrates how much fuel could be saved by one individual exchanging to mass theodolite for their day-to-day commute to work. The ground for mass transit’s high efficiency is its energy strength, which is a consequence of the burden factor of each vehicle. Table 8.6 provides passenger travel and energy usage informations for 2002, while Figure 8.5 provides the theodolite manner split on a passenger-mile footing ( i.e. , the distribution of travel on each manner per rider per stat mi ) . Mass transit’s efficiency could surely be much higher compared to cars if more riders used it and increased its burden factor ( Greene and Schafer 2003 ) . FIGURE 8.4 BRT exposure. ( From U.S. General Accounting Office ( GAO ) , Mass Transit: Bus Rapid Transit Shows Promise, GAO-01-984, Washington, DC, 2001. )

The Strange Fate of Indias Peacock Throne

The Peacock Throne was a wonder to behold — a gilded platform, canopied in silk and encrusted in precious jewels. Built in the 17th century for the  Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, who also commissioned the Taj Mahal, the throne served as yet another reminder of the extravagance of this mid-century ruler of India. Although the piece only lasted for a short while, its legacy lives on as one of the most ornate and highly sought after pieces of royal property in the regions history. A relic of the Mughal Golden Age, the piece was originally lost and recommissioned before being destroyed forever by rival dynasties and empires. Like Solomon When Shah Jahan ruled the Mughal Empire, it was at the height of its Golden Age, a period of great prosperity and civil accord amongst the Empires people — covering most of India. Recently, the capital had been re-established in Shahjahanabad in the ornately decorated Red Fort, where Jahan held many decadent feasts and religious festivals. However, the young emperor  knew that in order to be, as Solomon had been, the Shadow of God — or the arbiter of Gods will on earth — he needed to have a throne like his. A Jewel-Encrusted Gold Throne Shah Jahan commissioned a jewel-encrusted  gold throne to be built on a pedestal in the courtroom, where he could then be seated above the crowd, closer to God. Among the hundreds of rubies, emeralds, pearls, and other jewels embedded in the Peacock Throne was the famed 186-carat Koh-i-Noor diamond, which was later taken by the British. Shah Jahan, his son Aurangzeb, and later Mughal rulers of India sat on the glorious seat until 1739, when Nader Shah of Persia sacked Delhi and stole the Peacock Throne. Destruction In 1747, Nader Shahs bodyguards assassinated him, and Persia descended into chaos. The Peacock Throne ended up being chopped to pieces for its gold and jewels. Although the original was lost to history, some antiquities experts believe that the legs of the 1836 Qajar Throne, which was also called the Peacock Throne, might have been taken from the Mughal original. The 20th century Pahlavi dynasty in Iran also called their ceremonial seat the Peacock Throne, continuing this pillaged tradition. Several other ornate thrones may have also been inspired by this extravagant  piece, most notably the overexaggerated version King Ludwig II of Bavaria had made some time before 1870 for his Moorish Kiosk in Linderhof Palace.   The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City is said to also have potentially discovered a marble leg from the pedestal of the original throne. Similarly, the Victoria and Albert Museum in London said to have discovered the same years later.   However, neither of these have been confirmed. Indeed, the glorious Peacock Throne may have been lost to all of history forever — all for the want of power and control of India at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries.

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1679 Words

In Harper Lee`s astounding novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch is the glue that holds the County of Maycomb together. Atticus Finch is a lawyer, widower, father and the pure definition of a fair, patient, and courageous human being, who is willing to step out into the dark, unfair world of racism, discrimination, and prejudice, to lend a hand to any victim in need. No matter what race, gender, culture, or religion you have been blessed with, you can count on the Atticus Finch of Maycomb County to be there. Atticus was revealed by his own words, what the people in this story say about him, and his actions. He is shown as the spark of justice, the sign of patience, and the ray of courage in this blind world that is flooded by the†¦show more content†¦Instead he shows her the utter most kindness in his heart. â€Å"It was times like these when I thought my father, who hated guns and had never been to any wars, was the bravest man who ever lived.† (Lee,134) This qu ote shows how you don’t have to be super tough and rude to have courage, being wise, and kind will do the trick. Another sign of courage is the way Atticus handles the case and stands up for Tom Robinson. He knows that everyone will most likely stand against him and that he will most likely lose the case but he firmly stands his ground and continues moving forward because he knows no matter what the outcome, its the right thing to do. â€Å"I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting an idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. Its when you know you’re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what, you rarely win, but sometimes you do.† (Lee, 149). Atticus is willing to put his name, career, and even his own life on the line for someone he had never laid eyes on before, just because he knows its the right thing to do. He doesn’t care that everyone else around him strongly disagrees with his o pinion, he doesn’t care despite all the threats made to him and his family, he doesn’t care that he was saving the life of a negro, he just didn’t care no matter what the people of Maycomb threw at him, and if that does not show any sign of courage, then that word should not exist.

College Is Important For Education - 873 Words

College is Important When we finish basic education, people usually have some question for college. Such as, what is college? What would I learn from college? And does college matter? In dictory, college means an educational institution or establishment, in particular. I think college is a place where it gives you a chance to improve your social skills, expand your extra-curricular activities, and build a network of friends. It also helps you improve your communication, and analytical skills, so that college is very important and is a reason why I choose to study in American University. For me, college is necessary for educational challenges, communication skills, economic mobility. Just like the Chinese richest man Li Ka-shing saying: Knowledge Changes Fate, college opens many doors and provides many advantages and opportunities. Particularly, academic education will give students more opportunities to show and more challenges to their viewpoint. The more education students get, the more choices and opportunities they will have. With an education, children have more options, which often lead to greater success and happiness in life. If college doesn’t matter,why a lot of family let their children have to go to college? Because they know college education expands child s mind. The more educational opportunities the child is exposed to, the more knowledge and skills he/she will obtain. Education will expose the child to a variety of people, topics, andShow MoreRelatedCollege Is Not Important For College Education957 Words   |  4 Pages Recently, a lot of college students who are spending amount of money on school and after graduating they still can’t find a job, that make higher education background becomes a controversial question. Education background has become the focus of our current society, more and more people are beginning to be aware of the necessity of education and some people believed college degree is not important. As far a s I am concerned, no matter in workplace, or in our social life, it is necessary for everyoneRead MoreIs A College Education Important?957 Words   |  4 PagesIs having a college education important? What is the value of a college degree? What does society say? The intent of this paper is to discuss arguments regarding whether or not college degrees are worthwhile or even necessary. Going to college after high school is a choice. Most parents want their child to go to school and obtain a college degree because they think with a college degree their child will go far in life and have a better life. Most people recognize the importance of attendingRead MoreWhy is College Education Important?1243 Words   |  5 Pagesdebate on whether a college education is worth it may have begun when the colonists arrived from Europe and founded â€Å"New College† (later renamed Harvard University) in 1636 (College Education).† Whatever the case attaining a college education can be very beneficial to one throughout life. It can help one earn more money over a lifetime, and even can help someone live longer. Without college, the education system as we know it would be forever changed. Having a college education is something that canRead MoreWhy College Education Is Important990 Words   |  4 PagesWhy College Education is Important to me College education means a chance at a better life. Nothing but positive elements can follow one when pursuing the dream of a college degree. Life can put obstacles in your way but if you stay determined then that determination can allow your dreams to become a reality. That determination is what drives me and what makes a college education so important to me. Vince Lombardi Jr. once stated, â€Å"The difference between a successful person and others is notRead MoreHow Important is a College Education?590 Words   |  2 PagesWhen it comes to embarking on post secondary education the views of it’s importance and relevance is controversial. In Murray’s Op-Ed piece, â€Å"Should The Obama Generation Drop Out†, he believes a college education is unnecessary. I, however disagree with Murray’s notion. College is necessary according to a person’s career choice and it’s requirements. Throughout my middle and high school years, both my peers and I were strongly encouraged to go to college. I was not only urged by teachers, but my familyRead MoreWhy College Education is Important to Me1038 Words   |  5 Pagesgraded their tests. Growing up, this activity was more fun than anything else I might have done with my free time. I never got tired of being the â€Å"teacher†. Now as a college student many people often ask me, â€Å"What are you majoring in?†, â€Å"What are you going to school for?† and I tell them, I want to be a teacher in Early Childhood Education. The typical response I get from people is â€Å"Why would you want to be a teacher?† My answer is simple: I love children; I love their innocence and their ability toRead MoreWhy College Education Is Important to Me795 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of College Education to Me Stephen Nuamah Ashworth College ID: AC1209774 Health Care Administration Why College Education is Important to Me Am I free? I asked myself over and over again after reading a quote â€Å"Only the educated are free.† As concluded by Epictetus (55 AD - 135 AD), Discourse. I then realized I was not free. I want to be free, but how? I asked myself. Do I need to be rich or do I need to be the happiest man on earth? It finally occurred to me after pondering overRead MoreWhy College Education Is Important to Me592 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Why college education is important to me† Continuing my education has been a goal of mine for some time, but I haven’t made the commitment until now. There are several reason why I chose to return to school after so long, the primary reason being advancement opportunities in my career. My other motivating factor is my daughter. I am looking forward to the knowledge I will gain and the ability to implement that knowledge into myRead MoreWhy College Education Is Important to Me839 Words   |  4 PagesWhy College Education is Important to Me Patty Murray said â€Å"A good education means learning to read, write and most importantly learn how to learn so that you can be whatever you want to be when you grow up.† Getting a college education will help open so many doors and give me opportunities to better myself, and provide me with a more successful life that I can be proud of. In today’s society it is hard to get a good job or have a stable career without first getting a college degree. A college educationRead MoreWhy College Education Is Important to Me698 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Why college education is important to me†. By Janelle D. Crichlow EN110 Achieving Academic Excellence Ashworth College A college degree is important for a variety of reasons for both the young and the old, namely to develop or improve one’s trade skills, to experience different cultures and to increase one’s educational background in order to attain a higher paying job. For me, a college degree is important because it will help me to attain the educational background I need to make myself

New Role Architect to do A SWOT Analysis Of A Current ICT Service

Question: Discuss about the New Role As An Enterprise Architect to do A SWOT Analysis Of A Current ICT Service In An Organization. Answer: Introduction Information systems such as enterprise systems and applications facilitate businesses today to conduct their operations effectively as well as reliably according to their customers demands. Enterprise systems cover both internal and external applications that are used to enhance business activities. For instance, an internal system such as an ERP system will cover a large fraction of an organisations internal systems where they are used to optimise operational activities such as employees duties (Gulla, 2004). On the other hand, external systems such as SCM and CRM optimise external resources such as customers and resource suppliers. In all, these systems offer packaged solution, unlike traditional systems that offered standalone services that were quite inefficient. In comparison with modern systems, traditional enterprise system provided specialised solutions where each and every aspect of business had a unique application (Engelsttter, 2010). These systems covered a small fraction of any given organisation which lowered their application. In fact, in the olden days, most of these systems were only used to process numbers thus were only dominant in financial departments. This outcome left a lot to be desired as other departments lagged in operations which in general lowered the operational efficiencies. Moreover, when adopted, traditional systems lacked advanced collaboration or integration techniques which generally beat their overall objectives (Malone, 2005). Enterprise system/applications as a packaged solution Modern day system mirror the structure and functionalities of an organisation, this operational design help them integrate their services into the needs of an organisation. At a basic level, these systems will cover electronic files that have replaced the traditional documents used to store data and statistics. Therefore, it's accurate to view enterprise systems as the applications that have adequately replaced traditional processes that involved manual work, this includes the automation of transaction in financial department as well as the coordination of supply resources. Furthermore, enterprise systems offer both specialised and general resources where implementation depends on the organisation i.e. two organisation can use the same application but with varying results and variables (Rashid, Hossain Patrick, 2002). Nevertheless, the application of enterprise systems has also grown due to the overall nature of business. Consider the fact that businesses use the same document or transactional procedures to conduct business, for instance, regardless of the organisation they have to conduct payments or employ workers among other normal operational activities (Oberst, 2001). These generic activities constitute the first and most basic form of packaged application such as those seen with ERP, SCM and CRM. Therefore, organisations will use these resources to optimise their applications. Types of Enterprise system and applications As outlined before, organisations will use enterprise system to boost business operations. Moreover, these organisation will integrate these systems into their activities to gain access to knowledge basis and minimise the redundancy of data functionalities (Nordmeyer, 2017). Nevertheless, the types of enterprise systems will vary depending on the functionalities needed. Enterprise resource planning A general term that outline applications that are used to integrate an organisations processes such as financing and HR with software systems. Its objective is usually to collaborate operations across different department while using the same data. Therefore, data used to pay employees can also be used to assign roles minimising its duplication which saves resources. Furthermore, ERPs come as packaged solutions having different modules which can be activated to give different functionalities, for instance, SAP ERP can offer solutions for the HR, sales and accounting department among many others. In it, the solution will be under one umbrella of SAP but with the varying modules (Nordmeyer, 2017). Customer relationship management As the name suggests, these systems are used to enhance the relationship between an organisation and its customers. The overall goal is to understand customers needs and to implement them in the subsequent products or services (WSM, 2016). Now, a company will use CRM functions to learn about the customer behaviours such as purchase patterns which then they translate into their operations, therefore, maximising on the discovered intelligence. In addition to this, this system can collaborate with many devices and digital platforms such as mobile phones and social media. The outcome of this functionality is an extended source of user information including preferences and motivations. Furthermore, CRM system can be integrated with other functionalities such as e-mails which facilitate communication saving time and other resources e.g. manpower. Supply chain management First, supply chain represents the variables used to move and produce products from suppliers to customers. Therefore, the management of these processes or structures outline the roles played by SCM. SCM will manage and monitor all the activities related to an organisations supply system, this includes the vital information transmitted, such as the materials for products, logistics and product/service development. In essence, SCM will enable an organisation to coordinate its development strategies and production plans which in the end optimises its operational activities (WSM, 2016). In general, these operational activities are manufacturing, logistics (transport), and storage. Characteristics of enterprise systems Based on the analysis given so far, several attributes of enterprise system have already been seen, for instance, they are packaged solutions among many others. This section highlight this and other characteristics associated with the applications Integration According to Oracle (enterprise system vendor) enterprise systems should offer seamless integration where services and operational activities flow smoothly across an organisation. A good enterprise system will enable information to flow from the supply department to the customers with minimal obstructions. However, this outcome must also be done by the authorised personnel as it may contain sensitive information. Moreover, a huge part of this integration depends on the configuration parameters which determine the operational settings of an enterprise system. In some instances, some organisation may configure some modules thus fail to achieve complete integration, for instance, activating the financial modules without those of accounting will lower the productivity of the system (Markus Tanis, 2005). Packaged resource As continuously outlined, enterprise systems are packaged resources which offer a wide range of solutions under one holistic package. Why this design method? Well, since most of these systems are commercial applications they are developed by renowned vendors who use the general organisation requirements to implement them, which is both easier to make and sell. Moreover, as a packaged product they lower the overall cost of development and align business activities according to certain standards which streamline operations. Versatile/evolving like all other aspects of IT, enterprise systems are always changing to suit the needs of the users and their environments. The most notable change in these systems are the architectures where in the early 1980s they were designed purposefully for mainframes systems and operations. Today, these structures have changed to cater for clients needs where a predominant client-server architecture is used (Markus Tanis, 2005). A best practice resource Most enterprise system are designed to enhance the results of generic business operations that differ from one organisation to another. Therefore, by adopting them, organisation undertake a best practice method of doing business. This method or business procedure increases productivity which in the end increases revenues the overall goal of business. Conclusion A review of enterprise systems will reveal the operational principles of traditional ERP systems, i.e. the pure ERP where only backbone operations were considered. These systems were efficient for their time and outlined the main service solutions. However, at the time, businesses could also adopt third party system to enhance productivity but as outlined before these systems were inefficient having low productivity as a result of their integration issues. These issues were solved by packaged solutions which eliminated the isolated design and instead used a collaborative outline that combined different functionalities into one system. Today, enterprise packages offer many solutions in the form of modules based on the users requirements. Its hard to imagine that these applications, as well as their resulting impacts, are still deemed as susceptible outcomes as the technology is still in its development stages. In the future, these systems will automate all aspects of business enhancing collaboration and operational efficiencies. Moreover, the developers and vendors seem to concentrate on generic functionalities of business which lowers the application of these systems. If fully integrated into the industry, more specialised enterprise systems will be developed whereas a packaged solution, the user will have both generic and specialised functionalities. This adaptation mechanism will further enhance productivity increasing business output. References Elmarouf. S. (2017). ICT SWOT analysis. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://prezi.com/v0es3jktnyj2/ict-swot-analysis/ Engelsttter. B. (2015). Enterprise Systems and Innovations. Centre for European Economic Research. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://workspace.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/Public/CAED/E_Engelstaetter_Enterprise%20Systems%20and%20Innovations_CAED.pdf Gulla. J. (2004). Introduction to Enterprise Systems. Introduction to enterprise systems. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://www.idi.ntnu.no/emner/tdt4175/pdfs/ERPIntro.pdf Malone. T. (2005). Session 13: Enterprise systems. Information technology essentials. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-561-information-technology-essentials-spring-2005/lecture-notes/lecture13.pdf Markus. L Tanis. C. (2005). The Enterprise System Experience-From Adoption to Success. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://pro.unibz.it/staff/ascime/documents/ERP%20paper.pdf Nordmeyer. B. (2017). Three Different Types of Enterprise Systems. Chron. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/three-different-types-enterprise-systems-73267.html Oberst. D. (2001). Enterprise systems management. New horizon. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://er.educause.edu/~/media/files/article-downloads/erm0127.pdf Rashid. M, Hossain. L Patrick. J. (2002). The Evolution of ERP Systems: A Historical Perspective. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://faculty.biu.ac.il/~shnaidh/zooloo/nihul/evolution.pdf RSA. (2007). Information and communication technology. Research, development and innovation. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://www.gov.za/sites/www.gov.za/files/ICT_RDI_Strat_2007.pdf WSM. (2016). Types of Enterprise Systems in Business. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from; https://www.mywestford.com/types-of-enterprise-systems-in-business/ Zhang. Y Chulkov. N. (2008). Review of information and communication technology (ICT) hosting services in the United Nations systems organizations. United Nations. Retrieved 15 May, 2017, from: https://www.unjiu.org/en/reports-notes/archive/JIU_REP_2008_5_English.pdf