Intro †chief guest Essay

It is indeed an honor and privilege for me to introduce to you our Guest of Honor. He brings in the vigor and idealism of youth which we believe are essential to infuse new ideas and transparency in every aspect of life . His experience and credentials is just tremendous! He has a doctorate in (Economics), from the prestigious Harvard University under Nobel Laureate Simon Kuznets, and has held various positions too . To mention a few he *was an assistant/ associate professor at Harvard university. *Faculty Summer School, Harvard University . * Visiting Scholar and Professor, Department of Economics, Harvard University. When he was associate professor, he was invited by Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen for a reader’s chair on Chinese studies at Delhi School of Economics. Thereafter he became the *Visiting Professor of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi Later ,he became the Professor of Economics, Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi He has been the backbone for the Indian Government serving at various Positions : Assistant Economics Affairs Officer, United Nations Secretariat, New York. * Member of Parliament * Member, Board of Governors, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi * Member, Control of Capital Issues Committee, Ministry of Finance. * Member, Court of Benares Hindu University (1974) and Santiniketan (1982-84). * Member, Council of IITs, Govt. of India *Cabinet Minister of Commerce, Law and Justice,1990-91. * Chairman : Commission of Labour Standards and International Trade,Government of India. He is Currently the President of Janata Party . *Chairman, Centre for National Renaissance, New Delhi *Chairman, Board of Governors , School of Communications and Management Sciences (SCMS) , kerala. He has authored many Books among which * Economic Planning in India – An Alternative Approach * Economic Growth of China and India, * Building a New India: An Agenda for Renaissance, * India’s Labour Standards and the WTO Framework. * The Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi – Unanswered Questions and Unasked Queries * South Asia in the New Millennium * India’s China Perspective *Economic Reforms and Performance in China and India * Hindus Under Siege: The Way Out *Rama Setu: Symbol of National Unity *Terrorism in India: A Strategy of Deterrence * Corruption and Corporate Governance in India: Satyam, Spectrum, Sundaram * The Foundations of Index Number Theory. Have been very successful.  He has also published several articles and research paper some of which are Can India make it? India’s path to sustained growth , Economic growth and income distribution in a developing nation , Nuclear policy for India, Plan for full employment. He brings to us not only his invaluable experience and academic training but a lineage of brave , innovative , and forward looking forebears.

Mechanical engineering

Are you interested in Jobs that require athletic or mechanical ability, working with objects, machines, tools, plants or animals, or being outdoors? You enjoy working with your hands, tools, machines, and things that are practical, mechanically and physically inclined. Careers you would enjoy Architecture Chef / / Hospitality Management Engineering Information Technology Mechanical / Automobile Engineering Music Pharmacy Pilot / Aviation Veterinarian Are you interested in jobs with people who like to observe, learn, investigate, analyses, evaluate or solve problems?You enjoy working with theory and information. You are analytical, intellectual and scientific. Computer Science Economy Mathematics & Statistics Medicine / Dentistry Psychology Sciences Journalism Are you interested in Jobs involving artistic, innovative or intuitive abilities, and like to work in unstructured creative situations? You are non-conforming, original, independent and creative though sometimes chaotic. Acting Advertising Writing / Authoring Architecture / Interior Design / Graphic Design Dancing Designing / Photography Reporting Do you like to work with people to inform, help, train, enlighten, develop or cure or are you skilled with words? You enjoy working in cooperative environments and are supportive, helpful, healing and nurturing. Therapy Counseling Education Hospitality Psychiatry Sociology Public Relations Client Servicing Are you interested in Jobs where you work with people to influence, perform, persuade or lead for organizational goals or economic gain?You enjoy working in competitive environments and are good at leading, persuading, dominating and rumoring. Administration Business Communication Hospitality & Tourism Banking / Investment Law / Politics Marketing / Advertising Management / Construction Management Are you interested in Jobs that involve data, clerical tasks or numerical ability; carrying things out in detail or following instructions? You like working with data and have clerical or numerical ability. You are precise, detailed, orderly and organized. Actuary Banking Clerical Retailer Secretarial Quantity Surveying

Celebrities Have a Tremendous Influence on the Young

With the 24/7 access of media, celebrities have more and more impact on the young. A lot of people think celebrities have a responsibility to act as role models. However, I disagree with this opion. There are many other ways to find role models for young people. Plus, celebrities become famous because they can sing, dance, act, or they are super good at something. But celebrities are human beings too. Like everyone else, celebrities make mistakes too.People think celebrities should act as role models because celebrities choose to live in a way to put themselves in front of the public so that a lot of people will pay attention to them. It is obvious true that the young people are learning from the celebrities about what to do and how to do. But young people are surrounded by other grown-ups such as parents, friends, relatives, and teachers. In the way of contact with all others, the young can set their role models.Also there are so many books, articles and movies about famous people w ho are not close to us, but kids can still learn value, passion, dream and life. Thus celebrities are not necessarily to be pushed as role models. Celebrities become famous because they are better than other in some ways. But it doesn’t mean that celebrities have to live in a role model life. Everyone makes mistakes, including celebrities. But when celebrities get wrong on one thing, they are easily put in front of the public since they get attention all the time.It is not fair to blame celebrities just because people think they should be role models. Take the example of Britney Spear, young people are so fascinated by her songs and dances. But when it comes to love and marriage, she is unluckily on a wrong path. Many girls make same kind mistakes and they learn from lessons. We cannot expect Britney to be a role model then blame her on bad experience. In a word, celebrities have huge influence on the young. But celebrities do not have a responsibility to be role models.

Can A Democracy Be Successful In The Arab World Essay

Can A Democracy Be Successful In The Arab World - Essay Example The commentators often speak about unpredictable social effects that may occur as the result of the attempts to bring democracy to the definite societies outside. The example of USSR is a sample of such unpredictable implosion, when the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev, integrated into the archaic society by force, resulted in implosion of the state. And such consequences may include not only radical shifts of the society; the other point is that if any kind of resemblance of democracy appears, nobody could foresee what it would look like in this definite society in future. The commentators cite Iran as an example of the point. It is evident that the necessary reforms should be carried out from the outside, by the government and with the help of legislation. However, nobody can say who is to convince the government of any Muslim country that the necessary changes are to be taken. (Turi) The historical experience shows that the USA demonstrated rather careful attitude to this question in the past. Those who comment on the George Bush's speech on Palestine and its successful movement towards the democracy, as it established democratic government, state that he expressed the fear that other countries of the Arab world are likely to missing this point. (Ahrari) The experts regard Jor... The commentators cite Iran as an example of the point. It is evident that the necessary reforms should be carried out from the outside, by the government and with the help of legislation. However, nobody can say who is to convince the government of any Muslim country that the necessary changes are to be taken. (Turi) The historical experience shows that the USA demonstrated rather careful attitude to this question in the past. Those who comment on the George Bush's speech on Palestine and its successful movement towards the democracy, as it established democratic government, state that he expressed the fear that other countries of the Arab world are likely to missing this point. (Ahrari) The experts regard Jordan as the most probable follower of Palestinian-administered territories. Lebanon is also regarded as the country that is coming closer to the democracy, due to the fact that this country doesn't have a strong leader, like Saddam Hussein. The situation in Syria is better now, than it was in time when it was ruled by Hafiz Assad, the father of the current leader of the nation. But the system created by this leader is strong and stable, so there are no evident signs to change to more democratic character. The case with Iraq is regarded as the most hopeless. It is evident that even with the absence of such leader as Saddam Hussein, this country is not likely to swing to democratic system soon. Among the countries of the North Africa, the experts regard Morocco as the most probable candidate for providing democratic changes. However, the other states of this region are supposed to keep up to authoritarian system of governing the country at the nearest future. The leaders of these countries bring their sons up

Analyzing Point of View Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analyzing Point of View - Essay Example And yet, at times, the narrator uses an omniscient mode to point out certain things to the reader that are unnoticed by the characters themselves. For instance, the narrator tells us in advance about the gift that Jim has brought back for Della before she notices it herself: â€Å"For ten seconds let us regard with discreet scrutiny some inconsequential object in the other direction. [..] This dark assertion will be illuminated later on† (O Henry, 1906, p. 4). The narrator here pre-empts the next turn in the plot by forewarning the reader about an unexpected event. The narrator also uses the device of prolepsis by mentioning the magi, something that will be explained later in the conclusion. The use of a third-person point of view affects the entire tone of the story. Had the same tale been told through the perspective of Della or Jim or even one of the minor characters like the â€Å"Sofronie†, much of the situational irony would have been lost. Situational irony, like dramatic irony, is based on a shared knowledge between the writer and reader which the characters in the story are unaware of. Their situation therefore is not understood by them as well as the reader who has access to information about their lives directly from the writer.

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Research paper - Essay Example Most importantly, India will be able to attain the prestigious position of China, its Asian competitor. The project cost the country about 73 million US dollars. Evidently, considering the country’s economic standing, the space mission seems ridiculous and lacks justification. This paper will provide evidence that the space mission was a misplaced priority. If this mission proves successful, it may have a huge benefit to India. This is because it will receive recognition for utilizing improvisation to launch one of the cheapest missions to Mars. However, if it does not succeed, the country will have wasted invaluable resources of money and time that can be invested in raising the living standards of some families in India. Instead of paying all of this money to do a task like this, the money can be used to improve the economy and social problems in India. If India had a stable and a good standing economy, then it would be fine if they thought of launching this mission. Apparen tly, as this paper will discuss, India has many social issues to address. The country spent fifteen months of preparation for a mission that cost it 73 million US dollars. Statistics reveal that India exhibits a poor economy, a factor that highlights the need for it to design policies and strategies that can help its economy register a level of growth. It is unfortunate that the country’s economy has been dwindling over the years (Bhowmick, 2013). The country’s systems exhibit low quality with worrying poor standards of life. This places emphasis on the urgency for transforming its policy formulation strategies and striving to address its emerging needs. Instead of focusing on such issues that need critical addressing, the country has diverted its efforts, time, and resources to launching a space probe. The decision to focus on the space mission seems irrational, and the government cannot offer any valid justification for such an expenditure on a luxurious adventure in launching a space probe. Evidently, countries that focus on the space missions have registered immense progress in improving societal standards. Examples include the United States, which is the leading global economy and has held a superior position for many years. Evidently, the country has multiple policies in place to improve its social welfare and fund its internal research projects. Considering an additional example of Russia, it becomes evident that it has a stable economy, and can comfortably invest in space missions. Additionally, China joined the nations that have the capacity to fund space missions (Mirani, 2013). India’s economy does not compare with that of these nations, and explains why sacrificing 73 million US dollars is ridiculous. India does not compare with these nations, and its investment in space projects should be its last priority. In self-defense, India claims that 73 million is minimal compared to the 671 million US dollars that other countries woul d spend on such a venture. However, it does not matter the amount the country spent on the mission, the fact remains that the country could have redirected such funds to improving one of its poor social systems (Messreget, 2013). Evidently, that amount was sufficient to provide food for the malnourished children that add up to 50% of all children. It is ironical that a country can spend 73 million US dollars, while half the population of its children is perishing with hunger. Although it is true that

What is a hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is a hero - Essay Example As Nanda would put it, a hero need not be somebody of dignified importance, a common man be a hero (1). A hero can come in many different shapes and sizes. Male or female, child or elderly, family member or a complete stranger, there is no limit to who can be someone’s hero and anyone can â€Å"fit as aptly into the category as a king or an eli† (Nanda 1). In the selections that were read, hero came in various forms and even in unusual way. Perhaps, the closest to the stereotype of hero is the character of Hard Rock in the poem â€Å"Hard Rock Returns to Prison† by Etheridge Knight, where a tough guy is type casted to the typical mold of a hero. He is a big black man from prison that everyone knows as being rough and tough. He was â€Å"known to take no shit from nobody.† ( Etheridge Knight, 194) he would whoop on anyone who said anything bad towards anyone. So the other prisoners looked at him as their hero. One had said â€Å"he had been our Destroyer, the doer of things we dreamed of doing but could not bring ourselves to do.† (Etheridge Knight, 195). In a way they all looked up to him, because he had the courage to do and stick up for what he believed in. Heroes need not to be as tough as Hard Rock also. They can be as gentle as our mothers but can become a hero in someone else’s eyes. This was the case in the short story â€Å"The Train from Hate† there is a completely different type of hero. The hero is a young boy’s mother where her character was not necessarily as tough and popular as Knight’s Hard Rock but rather of someone with steely disposition. This was evident when they were kicked off the train for being colored. Instead of causing a big scene she simply gets off. The boy was very upset they had to do this but she explained to him carefully it is has nothing to do with them. â€Å"She assured me that the conductor was not superior because he was white, and I was not inferior because I was black.† (John Hope Franklin

Elisa - Pure Or Not Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Elisa - Pure Or Not - Research Paper Example nes, in which Elisa is â€Å"crying weakly – like an old woman.† Filled with pure intentions, Elisa’s actions as she tends her chrysanthemums, talks with the tinker and in her relationship with Henry are all the result of an overpowering sense of isolation and desperate need for a human connection. Elisa’s isolation is quickly discovered as she works on her flower garden. In every way, she is enclosed – physically in her garden space, symbolically away from everyone else around. â€Å"The second noticeable aspect of Elisa Allen is her curiosity. Elisa sees the men talking to her husband and wonders what they are talking about† (Berry, 2007). The affection and tension given to her chrysanthemums indicates the need to connect and the frustration of no connection. Steinbeck tells us, â€Å"The chrysanthemum stems seemed too small and easy for her energy,† yet she has the nicest flowers around. Symbolism also suggests isolation since even the weather creates a closed space: â€Å"The high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the [valley] from the sky and all the rest of the world.  Ã‚  On every side it sat like a lid on the mountains and made of the great valley a closed pot.† Elisa’s extreme isolation is also seen as she desperately talks with the tinker, trying to stretch the connection of their conversation as long as she can. The tinker has only stopped at the ranch because he is lost, but she grabs at his feigned interest in her flowers as something to connect her with the outside world. As she kneels on the ground at the tinker’s feet, she seems to be begging for attention more than she is begging for sexual favors. She provides the tinker with some of her precious chrysanthemum shoots and she hurries to dress in â€Å"the dress which was the symbol of her prettiness. She worked carefully on her hair, penciled her eyebrows and rouged her lips.† These are behaviors that Louis Owens (1992) describes as manifestations of her wish to leave the

The Statue of Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Statue of Liberty - Essay Example It is believed that this goddess represents freedom and in one hand, bears a torch as well as an ansata tabula (which involves a tablet that evokes law). It is on this tablet that the date illustrating the day of declaration of America’s independence is inscribed (Landau 34). At the feet of the statue lies a piece of a broken chain. The significance of this statue is its iconic representation of freedom in the United States; this is actually actual representation of welcome signal to the immigrants that come from other countries. It is believed that the politician and law professor Laboulaye Édouard declared in 1865 that any statue or monument representing the American freedom would have to be a joint project between the Americana and French people, motivated the sculptor of this statue in his design. The sculpture is said to have wanted to honor the union victories in the United States as well as the success that had been achieved in ending slavery and brutality against that immigrants and non-natives in the United States. The foundation in the making of this statue was supposed to be laid in the Fort Wood, which was an army base that has been disused on Bedloe’s Island, and had been constructed between 1807-1811 (Kent 14). During that time, this station was often used in the recruitment of people to join the civil war. The process of fortifying the structure of the structure was done to represent the shape of star that has seven points. The pedestal and foundation of the statue were aligned in a way that it was to face the southeast direction. In this case, it was meant to greet ships that would be entering into the harbor especially from the Atlantic (Landau 35). The process of making the statue took a long process and much thinking into its design and final shape. It is said that the committee in charge of making the statues commissioned Richard Hunt to oversee and help in the design of the statue’s

Electronic Voting Systems Essay Example for Free

Electronic Voting Systems Essay In the existing off–fine voting method to select a candidate in the election such as presidential election , the assembly election, or local election, electorates go to the designated polling places and have to be identified to cast their votes, and finally voters cast their ballot. Of course, voters should be in advance registered on a poll book. To do so, a significant amount of time and cost are consumed by voting and counting of votes. In the mean time, the most important security issue for on-line electronic voting using touch screen or internet is to guarantee the anonymity of voter and the confidentiality of vote content. An e-voting method using a touch screen which allows a voter to select a candidate or an option displayed on a screen has advantages in that a voter can cast his vote regardless of his assigned polling place, but in this case, a voter is still required to go to a polling booth to vote. As other e-voting method, a voter does not have to go to a polling place if he uses internet and vote is permitted to internet  user. But, internet-accessible terminals are always required to vote and a voter can cast a vote in the just limited place which he can access internet. Especially, private data like personal ID might be leaked in the course of accessing to the internet. This means that anonymity of electronically voting International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security over the internet is not satisfied. Also, confidentiality of voting might not be ensured if a candidate selection or a voting content is not encrypted. As to the e-voting status of the world, the United Kingdom has adopted the system using a touch screen for the local election and the remote voting using an internet in 2002. In April 2004. Now in a present system each and every section is given a electronic machine which stores the votes of the people how have voted for the particular candidate. C ontrol of present system is given to the in charge officer. He only check for the eligibility of the candidates and allow for the voting. Finally we collect all the voting machine at a place and go for counting. DIS ADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENT SYSTEM: After voting if any technical problems or damage occurs with the machines it may leads to the re election. The machine is not able to recognize the eligibility of a candidate, so the corrupted officers may misguide the people. The corrupted officers may increase the count of the voting. During transportation of the machines the in charge person can change the status of machines and even may destroy. This system is not a cost effective one. Since we need security, in charge officers, secured place for counting and election place. The person from any other region cannot vote in for a candidate of other region. The voting take place where the machine is located. PROPOSED SYSTEM: In our system we trying to keep counting of votes in to a remote secured system. In this system we are using a electronic circuit which enable the voter to vote and transfer this vote to the remote system by converting it to radio wave through the mobile towers. Our machine can check the eligibility of the candidate by itself, so there is no question of  corruption. Machine itself is automated to check the eligibility of the candidates. Here we need not to go for the re election even if the machine is damaged. A person even can vote from a mobile system and also from Internet. We can vote from any where even though being a voter of another region. 1. Radio waves representing scanned retina pattern and vote to Mobile tower. 2. Radio waves representing scanned retina pattern and vote to remote server. 3. Acknowledgement (+ve or –ve) from the server to mobile tower. 4. Acknowledgement (+ve or –ve) from mobile tower to Interface device. 5. Ready signal if retina is scanned properly to voting machine. And if –ve signal then alert alarm will be activated. 6. Accepted vote is made to flow to the interface device. DETAIL DIAGRAM OF THE VOTING MACHINE: The voting machine is actually a device which generates the different voltages for different votes these voltages are fed to the (ADC) which is then converted to digital bits then can be converted to radio waves. The detail diagram is overleaf. Block diagram of the Client Side Circuit Final Out put Antenna Eye Retina scanning: The eye retina machine be a simple web cam or device which can capture the images effectively .the captured image will be represented in the form of a matrix where each pixel represents 24-bit (RGB, 8+8+8 format) let us see and understand Here for e.g.: Here the matrix pattern of this type of picture may be as R G B R G B R G B [12 a1 15] [11 21 54] [25 f4 5c] [2d 1c 5A] [99 85 57] [2c fa b3] [1b b1 a2] [11 b1 ac] [50 b4 5F] [CA 1f 3c] [11 2c d4] [03 ca e5] Interface device This is an electronic kit which converts the input digital signals such as (retina pattern votes+ secure bits) to radio waves. Working of whole system Whenever voters enter to voting booth then he will be instructed to directly look at retina scanning machine at this time the machine scans the retina. once retina scanning properly confirmed then it sent signal to the voting machine as to accept the vote it will be powered on .then voter is made to vote. Now the whole data including the retina pattern is sent to interfacing device which convert into radio waves of mobile frequency range and these radio waves are sent to mobile tower and then to the remote server, where the authentication and voters identification is stored into a secured database. The received data is first converted into digital format from the radio waves through the interface device kept at the server side, and then retina pattern and vote separated. Next the retina pattern is matched against the existing database .If match is found then flag is check which indicates its voting status i.e. if the voter is not voted yet then +ve ack is send to the mobile tower and then to the corresponding voting machine. This ack is recognized by the receiver kept at the voter side and machine is  made to scan next retina pattern and vote, otherwise if –ve ack then alert alarm is made to ring. HURDLES IN THE PATH OF IMPLEMENTATION: There are several more issues that we have to consider along the Implementation such as Security Efficiency Geographical Problems Security The radio waves of a mobile frequency consist of Retina pattern and vote can be generated by means of external source. That’s why we need to provide some sot of security to avoid this problem. One of the idea to solve this problem is CDMA (which will be explained later ) and another technique is inserting security bits at regular interval of time during the transmission of radio waves (Ex.2 msec) .At the server side after the given interval (2 msec ) security bits are checked (ex 1001) . In case of positive confirmation we can accept as valid vote, other wise simply rejected. Another problem is that one may trap the radio waves in between and can determine the person and the vote; this may disclose the result of the election before the completion of the voting process. To avoid this problem we can go for applying the efficient and complex encryption algorithm so that the transparency of data can be hidden and the server side the encrypted data can be again decrypted and original data can retrieved this make the trapping of wave meaningless .The encryption algorithm can be termed as Key Complex Algorithm, which is as follows, First it finds the length of the string. Generate the random numbers equal to the length of the string. Add the corresponding Characters from the given string and random values. E.g. KSHITIJ Let this be the given words. Efficiency Whenever the data which is sent from the voter (client) side, it is in the large amount, this delays a bit a voting system and the data that is received at server side is in the multiple access mode i.e. more than one client is sending the data. To over come this problem the following 1. Applying compression Algorithms at the Client and server side so those to decrease the data transfer. Compression technique such as JPEG compression or any other Compression. 2. Instead of using single server PC we will go for distributed Operating system environment with multiple servers. This makes the job sharing and processing faster which leads to fast responds in case of Multiple Access Environment 3. To solve the concurrency problem in case of Multiple access environment we will use CDMA technique which is as follow Here the key values are orthogonal to each other i.e. k1*k2=0 and k1*k1=1 i.e. if any tries to decode the information with any other key the data will be vanished as the data will be in the form d1*k1.If you try to decode with  K2 then effect will be as d1*k1*k2=0. This will vanish the data. And if correct decoding key i.e k1 is used then decoding will be d1*k1*k1=d1. This decodes the data correctly. As per the controlling concurrency for multiple access the data from all the nodes is accepted as k1*d1+k2*d2 +k3*d3+k4*d4.In this case if you want the data corresponding to the second node then simply multiply the whole equation with the k2. This will give d2 as (k1*d1+K2*d2 +k3*d3+k4*d4)*K2=d2. So by this we can show that any numbers of nodes are allowed to send the data, the server will accept all the data and which ever has to be extracted will be just multiplied with corresponding key. This gets the corresponding data. Hence the concept of Multiple access. Geographical Problems This is the problem regarding the area where technical facilities like mobile tower or Internet service is not present. In this case will convert the vote and retina pattern into the electrical information and pass it through the electrical conductors until we can reach the area where the technical facilities like internet or mobile tower is available, and if only internet facility is available is then we can convert this electrical information to digital means and with these data using computers connected to internet we can pass the vote and retina pattern. Here the eye scanner will be web cam. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS: This project can be enhanced to work over the mobiles that is voting is made possible through the mobile through SMS. This machine can be made vote through the INTERNET. CONCLUSION: Thus this machine can be used for any level voting purpose. The machine provides high level of security, authentication, reliability, and corruption -free mechanism. By this we can get result with in minute after a completion of voting. Minimum manpower Utilization, hence mechanism is error free. REFERENCES Boylestead â€Å"Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory† 10/e Pearson Education, June 2012 Herbert Taub and Donald Schilling â€Å"Digital Integrated Electronics† McGraw-Hill Internatinoal Editions, 01-Jan-1977 B. Var Acker. Remote e-voting and coercion: a risk-assessment model and solutions. In the International Workshop on Electronic Voting in Europe, 2004. T. Kohno, A. Stubblefield, A.D. Rubin, and D.S. Wallach. Analysis of an electronic voting system, 2004. IEEE Std.802.15.IEEE Standard for Information Technology – Telecommunications and Information Exchange between Systems

Leadership Skills in Public Health

Leadership Skills in Public Health Public Health Competence By carrying out preventive medicine and communicable disease control, occupational health, food safety, and disaster response programs a good public health leader exercises a sense of responsibility. This is a good attribute of a public health leader who is able to relate well to the ground in respect to the above issues. By carrying out all the assigned duties and disseminating to the relevant staff within a public officer fulfill all the doubtful acts that responsibility is not being undertaken. A pubic health leader’s work ranges from diverse areas and in order to fulfill the required fields he or she had to assign various duties to his colleges. Without a good sense of responsibility, effective work performance will not be put in place which might end up putting the public at risk since poor service deliver y will be delivered .therefore a good public health leader should be one who is able to exercise effective responsibility in a senses that they are able to be judged ac cording to how dissemination of what has been assigned to the m has occurred. A good public health leader should be able to establishes and maintain contact with medical treatment facility and local public health agencies to ensure an integrated public health program flows between all the sectors. The medical sector .without a continuous flow of events service delivery will be impossible which requires that a public health officer should resolve to having good communication skill that enable effective passage of information from one section to another. Courageous As a public health leader, one must emulate courage in order to be decisive person. A good public health leader ought not to be afraid of failure since without this, he or she will not be able to function as a leader. One should have the courage to maintain their convictions or go with a gut instinct. A good public health leader should always admit that a mistake has been committed without hesitation showing how brave one is in the tackling of the environment. Skillful This attribute will be able to ensure that a public health leader lays down corrective mechanism that are able to ascertain aspect which show that he or she is capable of undertaken the task in hand. This will involve showing of skill knowledge and the aptitude by the leader. A skillful public health leader carries out al the necessary task making his or her colleges follow due to extra ordinary character that he or she will display in managing a given scenario. Health issues art the most complex task that t a leader might handle since this are real life situation that unless taken seriously into consideration, loss of life might occur. Therefore a public healthy leader should be able to tackle the hardest thing that surrounds the immediate environment since he or she has the necessary skill available. The skills can range from practical, mental and technical skills. A good public health leader should emulate good advisory skill which bears in mind on how advises will be given out on military public health issues, manning, and training. This is a fundamental aspect that requires great attention. Advising on critical issues requires that one has good counseling skill that enable him or her put into practice what is needed. Influential in the sense that even when carrying out various developments he or she will be able to initiates, nonstop and conduct preventive medicine and communicable disease control programs .being influential requires that one will be able to disseminate all that is required to all the colleges therefore boosting the morale of what is being done. Patience gives clear characteristics of a public health officer who will, be able to clarify all that is needed before acting upon them. For example when the employees are unable to clearly clarify or understand what is being talked about, the public health leader ought to verify it in details and make sure that all the tasks assigned to the are done according to the intended purposes. A good public health leader should embrace loyalty in that he or she should be able to perform mutually to the colleges what seems desirable by all since unless this is emulated ,the same will be fall him making progression in this sector top reduce by a large margin. Flexible Having such attributes a public health leader will be able to change from one aspect to the other successfully ensuring that effective measures are put in place to minimize lost efforts. With these qualities a public health leader will be able to adapt to the immediate environment when fluctuations arise .this in reality entails a leader who has the intellectual capabilities of focusing on the prediction of what is to occur. Take an example where an outbreak of a specific epidemic occurs, flexibility of this situation will be determined by the leader. Being resilient will enable the leader to ensure that failure is an opportunity to expand to the real life scenario without fearing what might succumb to them but tackling it with ease with resilience, public health leaders should consider every failure as a step closer to the realization of their dreams. A leader has to lay down good examples to others, taking a role model position .All servant’s employees and staff would like to emulate what they see that is positive and that doing this is the person in charge of their affairs. Public health officers should bear this quality such that what is perceived by them to be a right perspective still remains to be so by the other team players. By being a role model the public health officer embraces a sense of confidence which also is gained by the other team players and with this service delivery in highly enhanced. Tackling some issue in the public health sector requires great confidence in the interest of the public sefty.For example when some gaseous poisonous substances have spilled in the air, the public health sector has to make appropriate action in the determination of the root cause of this phenomena. To an ordinary person without skills, training and confidence, doing this task will be a great risk to life, however if one i s trained, the confidence usually inspired by the trainer who in this case is the leader of the public health sector keeps them going. Conclusion A good public health leader should instigate buoyancy in others and be persistent in a crisis. Though this sector is a tough one to tackle leaders her should embrace one another and come together to solve the relevant problems that exist within the locality. Good listening skill should be developed since communication is a two way traffic, therefore leaders should try as much as possible to be good listeners. Through the devising of new ways and means of communicating a smooth flow of events will prevail therefore saving on other irrelevant costs that might occur. Management and leadership should go hand in hand in that though leaders are people are followed by other people through their own choice and managers have to be obeyed; these two disparities have to be merged in order to come up with a formidable action plane that will be able to facilitate smooth flow of events The public health leader has to have the capacity of embracing new talent and nature it. Sincerity and reliabilit y are particularly significant for any good leader embracing realistic goals. By setting goals a good public health leader will be setting avenues that lead to the attainment of the goals. This targets when attained should be credible to the participants who took part in the achieving of results unlike praising the leader. The public health sector being the toughest areas to tackle should be reformed such that there is always the division of labor. This will enhance inventions and innovations which will give out the definition of development through the total commitment and support from the whole team.

The Differences Between Face-to-Face and Virtual Teams Essay -- Aberde

The Differences Between Face-to-Face and Virtual Teams What are the primary differences between face-to-face and virtual teams? Can the Aberdeen model be implemented in organizations that rely heavily on virtual teams? Why or why not? The main objective is to verify if face to face model can be implemented into a company that has already been using a virtual model. Teams can be made in different way and dealt in different ways. There are two important models now in days, a face to face and a virtual model. Virtual model teams are members that communicate and interact with each other by computer system, hardware, software and other communication links, in other words electronically. By using new technology they can research and achieve their goals. Each team member will have to have a groupware program to manage information. These systems will benefit the company and their employees like being able to work from anywhere at anytime and reduce expenses associated with traveling, parking, lodging, and the probability to reduce the lease of a building; they also can form an alliance with different organizations in the country or outside the country. Edward Prewitt reports that a research was made by two academics and consultants, they divide a group into two: one group is face to face team and the other is virtual team. The research states that virtual is becoming the best way to communicate with others if you have the right communication tools to do so. Members of ...

John Locke and The Rights Of Children :: Empiricists, Empiricism

Locke firmly denies Filmer's theory that it is morally permissible for parents to treat their children however they please: "They who allege the Practice of Mankind, for exposing or selling their Children, as a Proof of their Power over them, are with Sir Rob. happy Arguers, and cannot but recommend their Opinion by founding it on the most shameful Action, and most unnatural Murder, humane Nature is capable of." (First Treatise, sec.56) Rather, Locke argues that children have the same moral rights as any other person, though the child's inadequate mental faculties make it permissible for his parents to rule over him to a limited degree. "Thus we are born Free, as we are born Rational; not that we have actually the Exercise of either: Age that brings one, brings with it the other too." (Second Treatise, sec.61) On top of this, he affirms a postive, non-contractual duty of parents to provide for their offspring: "But to supply the Defects of this imperfect State, till the Improvement of Growth and Age hath removed them, Adam and Eve, and after them all Parents were, by the Law of Nature, under an obligation to preserve, nourish, and educate the Children, they had begotten." (Second Treatise, sec.56) Apparently, then, Locke believes that parents may overrule bad choices that their children might make, including self-regarding actions. Leaving aside Locke's duty of self- preservation, his theory permits adults to do as they wish with their own bodies. But this is not the case for children, because their lack of reason prevents them from making sensible choices. To permit a willful child from taking serious risks to his health or safety even if he wants to is permissible on this theory. Parents (and other adults as well) also seem to have a duty to refrain from taking advantage of the child's weak rational faculties to exploit or abuse him. On top of this, Locke affirms that parents have enforceable obligation to preserve, nourish, and educate their children; not because they consented to do so, but because they have a natural duty to do so. 2. The Problem of Positive Parental Duties The first difficulty with Locke's theory of childrens' rights is that the positive duty of parents to raise their children seems inconsistent with his overall approach. If, as Locke tells us, "Reason teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and

Shoeless Joe :: essays research papers

Reviewing a TV show or movie The Simpsons is undeniably the best show to ever be shown on television. Every episode is a timeless classic, subtle Simpson’s humor and doesn't depend on common jokes that so many rip-off cartoon shows and sitcoms use today. It is original, and no other show can ever top its humor. The characters are all amazingly funny and they always think of the most surprising and hilarious things to say. The Simpsons is one of the few shows that have managed to retain its popularity over the years. Bart pulls a prank at church, resulting in a punishment for himself and Milhouse. They have a conversation about it, and Bart tells Milhouse that he does not believe in souls. To prove it, he sells his soul to Milhouse for $5, well actually; he sells him a piece of paper with "Bart Simpson's soul" written on it. He notices that animals are afraid of him and automatic doors don't recognize him. Bart continues to notice that he is different. He loses his ability to laugh at senseless violence. He tries unsuccessfully to get his soul back from Milhouse. Bart has nightmares, so he goes on to beg for Milhouse's help. Milhouse does not have the soul anymore; he sold it to Comic Book Guy, who then sold it to an unnamed person. Bart is relieved to discover it is Lisa, and she gives him back his soul. Bart is back to normal, metaphysically. A major reason why it’s maintained its popularity is because of its overall quality. While other cartoons and sitcoms center on vulgar themes and pathetic plot-lines, The Simpsons is able to shine far above the rest with its hilarious plots, and good messages. We all know it’s impossible to sell your soul, but that’s the creativity. At the end of the episode Bart learns the true meaning of having a soul and respecting the church. The Simpsons is a ride through a fantasy society, which mock very human trait. Beer is drunk in every episode, bad habits are given into, ignorance and disdain to normal people, but somehow, everyone gets along in the end. Some features can be irritating, such as the portrayal of women, it’s always the mother and sister who are working hard and very intelligent, and the men are laid back with no worry. It also discriminates against Indians like Apu the kwiki- mart owner.

Accountability in the Health Care Industry

Accountability inside the health care industry S. Thomas University of Phoenix Leadership and Performance Development HCS/475 Paula Smith March 25, 2010 Accountability inside the health care industry Accountability by definition can best be described as â€Å"the perception of being held answerable for one’s actions or decisions† (Gelfand, Lim, and Raver, 2004, pg. 138).Unfortunately, for some Americans the terms â€Å"accountability† or â€Å"accountability standards† appear to be nothing more than cleverly marketed buzzwords that are used to fool imprudent consumers into a believing that there is a system of proper checks and balances within American businesses (Hughes, 2004). After all, for years the American public has taken a front roll seat to watch business after business fold because their company executive were brought up on charges of accounting fraud, theft, or ethical violations (Valentine, Godkin, Page, and Rittenburg, 2008).The cynicism of th ese detractors is clearly understandable, considering that to date only a handful of executives have been successfully prosecuted or charged with a crime. Despite the validity of the detractors argument, there is one fact that these cynics seem to forget and that is, â€Å"the concept of accountability dates back to the time of Aristotle†, who back then, contextualized the subject in terms of justice, punishment, and social control (Gelfand, Lim, and Raver, 2004).In fact, accountability is a topic that has been closely aligned with psychology, politics, law, education, health care, and organizational behavior (Gelfand, Lim, and Raver, 2004). Indeed, accountability and accountability standards are a crucial component of each and every discipline, especially in the field of health care. Health care is a unique business in that; the industry has a fiduciary duty to federal, state, and local governments. Not only do professionals mployed within the industry have different profess ional and ethical obligations but every decision or judgment that is made will also have a direct impact on the way care is delivered. Nonetheless, the doubts and misgivings of the American consumers has forced health care organizations into taking a more hands-on approach toward fostering a climate of accountability inside organizations. These consumer demands forced organizations to implement transparent accountability standards.Furthermore, there are two successful approaches that businesses have used to shift to a more productive stand. The first is by establishing strategic performance objectives and assessing their effectiveness (Mulvaney-Harris, Zwahr, and Baranowski, 2006). For instance, in the past if a nurse made a medication error by giving a medication a patient was allergic to the prevailing wisdom was to subvert the incident or keep the knowledge of the incident within the department where it occurred.Back then, the protocol for medication errors was to inform the phys ician, charge nurse, department manager, and lastly the nurse supervisor. Now instead of containing these incidents within the department, hospitals managers are instead using these incidents as a teachable moment and to gather data. Meaning, that instead on punishing the employee or firing them, managers are revisiting incidents, patient loads or training procedures to make certain that employees are properly trained or reviewing the processes before a medication is given (St. John Medical Center, 2004).The second approach that successful organizations have used is to incorporate systems of â€Å"checks and balances† that are interdependent throughout their businesses. The sole purpose of instituting a system of checks and balance is to ensure that there is an internal control mechanism in place to impede fraud, waste, or abuse. In the example of the medication error, the system of check and balances that was instituted created an audit trail by purchasing an automatic medic ation dispenser that would only release medication designate for that specific patient (Business Dictionary, 2010).If another medication error occurred, this error could be traced to the nurses for that patient, the pharmacy department who stocked the dispenser, and the physician who ordered the medication. For some health care facilities, employing a system of balances entails giving mid-level managers the authority to make decisions and the related responsibilities to verify execution is distributed among different departments (Business Dictionary, 2010). The unexpected benefits of implementing organizational checks and balances systems have permanently transformed today’s health care organizations.Specifically, the corporate backing of internal accountability standards has created a positive work climate that promotes greater understanding and support for the organizations’ mission, while simultaneously enhancing the decision making abilities of managers (Mulvaney-H arris, Zwahr, and Baranowski, 2006, pg. 438). To continuously promote or foster these productive environments 21st century health care facilities will have to keep establishing strategic performance objectives to gather data, measure it, and assess the procedures’ effectiveness. Not just to quell the voices of cynical detractors but also to run efficient organizations.References Business Dictionary (2010). Definition of checks and balances. BusinessDictionary. com Retrieved on March 23, 2010 from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/checks-and-balances. html Gelfand, M. J. , Lim, B. C. , and Raver, J. L. (2004). Culture and accountability in . organizations: Variations in forms of social control across cultures Science-Direct. Human Resource Management Review. Vol. 14: Iss1. Elsevier Science Inc. Retrieved on March 20, 2010 Hughes, S. (2004). Critics warn of push to weaken corporate accountability laws CQ Weekly- banking & Financial Services.Retrieved on March 21, 2 010 from Sage Publications Mulvaney-Harris, R. R. , Zwahr, M. and Baranowski, L. (2006). The trend toward accountability: What does it mean for HR managers? Science-Direct. Human Resource Management Review. Vol. 16. Elsevier Science Inc. Retrieved on March 20, 2010 St John Medical Center (2004). SOP: Medication Errors. St. John Medical Center Tulsa OK Retrieved on April 2004 Valentine, S. , Godkin, L. , Page, K. , and Rittenburg, T. (2008). Gender and ethics: Ethical judgments, ethical intentions and altruism among healthcare professionals. Retrieved from Emerald, on March 23, 2010

Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad

[pic] KOLEJ PROFESSIONAL MARA INDERA MAHKOTA, KUANTAN ENGLISH 1102: INTRODUCTION TO WRITING ASSESMENT 3 TITLE: BIOGRAPHICAL RECOUNT PREPARED BY: DIANA AQILA BINTI KHAIRUDDIN ID NUMBER: IDI 12-01-041 PREPARED FOR: MADAM HAZLINA BINTI MOHD KASIM SUBMISSION DATE: APRIL 20, 2012 ASSIGNMENT INFORMATION SHEET An assignment Information sheet needs to be attached to each assignment. Please fill in all details clearly and staple to the front of each assignment. Full name: DIANA AQILA BINTI KHAIRUDDIN Class: DEC 1B Email (if applicable): [email  protected] comStudent ID: IDI 12-01-041 Course: DIPLOMA IN ENGLISH COMMUNICATION (DEC) Course Title: INTRODUCTION TO WRITING Code: ENG 1213 Assignment no: 3Due Date: APRIL 20, 2012 Assignment topic: BIOGRAPHICAL RECOUNT: TUN DR. MAHATHIR BIN MOHAMAD Academic staff member: MADAM HAZLINA BINTI MOHD KASIM Student’s comments (e. g. if extension was granted) I declare that the work contained in this assignment is my own, except where acknowledgemen t of sources is made. Signed: ________________________________ Date: APRIL 20, 2012 Academic staff member’s comments: Office Use Date received |Assessment/grade |Academic staff member |Recorded | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Share/All Eng Unit Stuff/ Assignment Information Sheet He is the symbol of modernization.The longest serving Prime Minister of Malaysia and Asia, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad is a hero who brings Malaysia from the third-world country to 17th largest trading nation in the world. His outstanding vision and breadth of principle were impressed and feared by many others world leader. The purpose of this biographical recount is to highlight on his personal life, politic history and achievements. Born as Mahathir bin Iskandar [email  protected], he is mostly known as ‘Che Det’ among Malaysians. Eventhough his registered birth date is 20 December 1925 but the actual date is 10 July 1925. The reason behind this is because during that ra, his father wan ts to avoid hassles regarding age while registering for entering school’s session. Grow up in a family that emphasized on the importance of academic as well as the teachings of Islam are the secret that makes him as a great leader. Despite being only half Malay and half Indian Muslim heritage, he generally considers himself to be Malay. He is known as the sole fighter of Malay nationalism, who fights for Malay Supremacy or Lordship. Due to his primary profession as a government doctor, he had to restrain himself from getting involved in either politics or business.However, after he left Government service in 1958 to set up his own medical practical, her politic journey began when he was elected as a member of the Kedah UMNO committee. From Minister of Education to Deputy Prime Minister, he finally reaches the top on 16 July 1981 after the former third Prime Minister, Tun Hussein Onn. Although there was numbers of event, significance and controversial happenings under his lead ership include removing of the veto power and the Royal immunity from prosecution, he never give up but stand proud with his own stance without failure.During his 22 years of serving period, he embarked on various large scale national projects, such as the Multimedia Super Corridor, Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) in Sepang, and an adjacent Formula One circuit, Olympic-class stadium in Bukit Jalil and the Petronas Twin Towers that once become the world’s tallest building. In addition, he was considered to be one of Asia’s most influential leaders and also noted as an outspoken critic of Western-style in the Western world. As for Malaysian, he has been granted the soubriquet of Father of Modernization as for his economic development efforts.It is obvious that Dr. Mahathir was a remarkable leader sent by Heaven. Whatever judgments that neither his admirer nor his critics gave, his place in Malaysian history is secure as the amount of efforts he possessed for Ma laysia’s peace, security and prosperity are amazingly remarkable. (447 words) REFERENCES Abdullah, A. (2008) Dr. Mahathir’s Selected Letters to World Leaders, Marshall Cavendish, Malaysia, pg. 16-21 Cox, K. & Hill, D. (2004) EAP now! English for Academic Purpose, Pearson Longman, Australia, pg. 111 Mahathir, M. 2011) A Doctor in the House: The Memoirs of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, MPH, Malaysia, pg. 1-326 Savage, A. & Mayer, P. (2005) Effective Academic Writing 2, Oxford University Press, New York Suzieana, U. A. (2009) ‘A leadership scheme for international young executives hopes to unravel the mind of Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad and groom transdisciplinary leaders, Internship: Understanding an Icon, News Straits Times Online, http://www. nst. com. my/channels/learning-curve/internships-understanding-an-icon-1. 35465 ( 17 April 2012)

Broken Family Essay

Family is the basic unit of society. This is the most essential component of a country. A home is where a family lives. It may be alternated to the word ‘house’ but a house is more appropriately referring to the material structure, whereas ‘home’ refers to the intangible things that bind together the family members. It is the immeasurable love and care that keeps together the mother, father and their children. However, no matter how ideal a family in the terms of their relationship, there are still hardships and misunderstandings that will come along the way. It is just part of any relationship anyway. But, the sad part is when one of the family members gave up and the others have no choice but to accept and let go. Thus, the family starts to be broken. A family can consist of a father, mother, and children. They all live in the same house until they are old enough to leave. Broken Family is a family with children involved where parents are legally or illega lly separated whose parents have decided to go and live their lives separately for several reasons/problems. A broken family is one where the parents (mother and father) of a child or children have split up and no longer share a single family home as a family unit. This is also known as a broken home. Have you ever heard the expression â€Å"A family who’s eats together stays together†? Well, that is true, but and emotionally broken up family means that the family has grown apart, fights all the time, doesn’t get along. It doesn’t just take a toll on the family, it takes a toll on the family members. No one wants a broken home. Even if they say they do. Broken family is a major problem of the society that should be given enough attention. The behaviour of family setup affects the social, economic and political aspects of a country. It should not be taken for granted as if it will fix the problem on its own. Unconditional love and eternal care should be the foundation of every family. It should always be remembered to keep the family away from the thoughts of sepa ration. This study may be student beneficial to the student to balance between their studies and the pain they faced/encounter. This study is significant to the researcher since it is an opportunity to develop skills in conducting research. For the future researcher, this study will serve basis for the conduct of future researcher. Specially, this study sought to answer the following questions: 1. How this situation/problem affects their studies, particularly in academic subjects? 2. What are the possible solutions to overcome this problem? This study was conducted to determine the effects of a broken family to the study of their children. The expected output of the study will be settlement of the effects of a broken family tto the studies of their children. This study takes only 10 students having the same problem/situation and focus onlt on the affects of a broken family to the studies of their children. The study will be conducted at University of Southern Mindanao (USM), North Cotabato from February to June 2013. Society = is the people who live in a country or region, their organizations, and their way of life. Essential = is extremely important or absolutely necessary to a particular subject, situation, or activity. Relationship = between two people or groups is the way in which they feel and behave towards each other.

Barriers to Changing Personal Health Behavior

The result of the real age test has come as a surprise to me. There is a difference in my real age and the age results shown by the real age test. I have also been surprised by the factors which can affect one health. According to real age study factors such as relationships including having pets and the frequency of the times you have with your friend may affect our health. Thus there is an urgent need to undertake practices and actions which improve my real age. However there are some barriers which inhibit the decision to adopting good health behavior.One of the barriers is readiness to certain changes. In order on to improve on my real age I have to change my eating habit behavior, change my relationship profile and exercise more to improve my fitness level. Some habits such as smoking are not easy to quit. Another barrier is availability of time Sparing time for exercise might be a challenge especially for a fulltime students and the working class. The exercise itself is a sacri fice and requires a lot of discipline on my side.Good health is not seen as a priority and other would rather work for extra hours instead of relaxing provided they earn an extra. Taking good health a priority will be a barrier not only to me but also to other many people. Some of the stress is caused by our working condition. Some of us work very hard and long hours. Since it is the source of our living we cannot do away with it. Thus our work can also be a barrier to personal health behavior. One of the means I intend to use to improve my real age will involve changing my attitude towards things.Taking health as a priority is one of them. Having a positive mind will reduce occurrence of stress. By changing my attitude I will spare time for exercising. I will avoid some lifestyles such as smoking and excessive drinking which negatively affect my health. In order to observe healthy living I will eat recommended amount of food avoiding food and beverages high in calories. I will also adopt an active lifestyle where by I will exercise, walk and jog to avoid gaining excessive weight.The portion distortion quiz also reveals some shocking finding about how our eating habits and the choice of food we eat affect our health. The amount of food in our body is determined by the type of food we consume. There is also a trend revealed by the quiz that as new technology and new methods of cooking food is invented the amount of calories in the food increases. The pizza of 20 years ago has fewer calories compared to today’s pizza of the same quantity. From the finding of portion distortion quiz I intend to avoid food and beverage with high quantity of calories.This will reduce chances of occurrence of lifestyle diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. From the finding it is evident that exercising burns out the excess calories in our busy. I therefore intend to live an active life whereby I will do more than just the daily chores to burn excessive calories. Traditi onal foods are healthier than the new types of food which are very famous nowadays. I intend to avoid unhealthy lifestyle even if it might be the current trend.From the finding it is very easy to increase the amount of calories in your body. However burning them is not that easy. Therefore I will concentrate more on avoiding food with high amount of calories other than exercise to burn them. References Health Canada 2010 overcome barrier retrieved 30 July, 2010 from http://www. hc-sc. gc. ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/maintain-adopt/index-eng. php Health system for home use 2010 secret to live longer retrieved 30 July, 2010 from http://www. healthreviser. com/content/secret-live-longer

Communitarian and Cosmopolitan VIews of Citizenship Essay

Communitarian and Cosmopolitan VIews of Citizenship - Essay Example Nationality is therefore defined in terms of place of birth while citizenship is defined in terms of the rights that have been acquired that enables one to participated in the decision making process of the nation. Citizenship can be acquired and at the same time it can be lost. Therefore it can be defined as when a citizen is legally allowed to live in a country. (Pike 2000, p. 82) It has been shown the principle of citizenship arose from the concept of creation of social orders. The concept of citizenship can be traced to have been developing from the Greek civilization when there were efforts to define what could be considered as national citizenship and global citizenship. If we take a close look at the Marshall's work on successive emergence of civil, political and society right in citizenship, there is a clear evidence that citizenship arose from the need to have social order. In this definition we will find the citizenship has been used as a market of membership in the polities raging from the pre-modern city states and empires to the current status of global citizenship that has been well applied all over the world. (Heater 2004, p. 42) The concept of citizenship can be traced to many years ago when there were efforts by ... Though it was by then limited to only the state, it has been expanding to include the view of global citizenship. But there were also efforts by the Greek philosophers to try and define the concept of global citizenship. For example Greek Cynic philosopher Diogenes replied many people that he was a citizen of the world. There have been many philosophers since then who have expressed that their citizenship belongs to the world. Implication and application of the citizenship Citizenships has bee applied well in the modern societies. It has been used to define membership to a nation. In this case it has been successfully used to define citizens and outsiders or foreigners. Citizenship has been used to define who belongs to nation and those who doesn't belong. Those who are considered as citizens are given the rights to vote in that particular nation while those who are not citizens though living in a nation are not allowed to vote. Therefore it has been used to define political rights that are given to individuals. Citizenship has become one of the most controversial issues in the modern world. There have been conflicts of foreigners living in a nation and the issue of immigrants and their status has not escaped the world either. Citizenship has implied to mean the actual number of those who legally allowed participation in the affairs of a country. Cosmopolitan and communitarian view In the view of cosmopolitan's paradigm, cosmopolitan citizenship is defined in terms of freedom. In this case it is seen as way in which the capacity of individual to look into the possibility of personal choice within the social system is considered as the ultimate object that

Global Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Global Business - Essay Example three countries have been considered from which Elecdyne can choose, along with a comparative analysis of the countries and Japan through a combined SWOT and PEST analysis. Some of the most important factors that Elecdyne should consider are cost minimization and profit maximization with respect to internationalization in a country leading to improvement in profits and sales revenue (Hurn, 2009). The other factors include access to technology and availability of technological expertise in a particular country. Elecdyne also must take into account the access to new markets through internationalization as well as evaluate size of target markets before selecting a country. Besides these, political and economic factors are also very important as Elecdyne should not be taking too many risks. The culture-fit factor, which is one of the most essential factors to be considered, estimates the amount of organizational conflict can arise due to difference in Japanese culture and that of the hos t nation. The target markets for Elecdyne are developed and developing markets, which have considerable demand for quality electronics goods. Since Elecdyne uses original licenses from MNCs, products offered are not too cheap. So, Elecdyne targets the middle and higher income group of people. The current shopping trends with improvement in economy of developing countries and rising demand for Japanese goods, which are known for their high quality standards, is an advantage for growth of Elecdyne in foreign markets. Since most of Elecdyne licenses are taken from MNCs, the technology employed is always high-end. The availability of research graduates in developing countries at lower wages rates than Japan is a major plus point, which will help Elecdyne to improve its technological capabilities. The general economic trends are not very encouraging as the world economy recovers from a recession; but, many governments are giving tax rebates and reducing duties in a bid to attract new

Networking 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Networking 2 - Essay Example A deeper comparison is as shown in the table below. The radio infrastructure will require 4 satellites which will be established at four points whereby one will be in the line of sight of the next satellite.This infrastructure will use Hertzian Insurgency frequency since the normal FM frequency is not applicable over satellites. The orbits for the satellites should be contradictory to that of the moon so as to defy the interference that the moon causes to them as a result of the lunar gravitational pull. A signal in a connection is like water in a river only that the destination of the signal is defined. In addition to the message carried by the signal, there isalso the destination address and the origin address. The signal is broken down into smaller segments called data packets and these packets are allocated numbers according to the segment of the signal in which they belong. For example the first segment will be allocated the first number and the last segment will be allocated the last number. These packets use different pathways in the network specifically the shortest route to the destination and when they all get to the destination they are assembled according to the segment number hence making the original signal. The network selected employsthe use of twisted pair cables. This network’s structure has an additional device that is the hub. The network uses a topology called the star topology whereby all the components are connected to the hub. This includes the gateway which refers to the computer connected to the internet which provides connection to all the other computers. The hub acts as the central switching device that controls how the messages and signals are relayed within the network. It is also the location whereby signals are kept whenever a transmission medium (cable) is in use since two signals cannot be transmitted over the same cable. Another alternative device that can be used in place of the hub is the switch (also

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 3 SLP Essay

BHS 499 (Senior Capstone Project) Module 3 SLP - Essay Example One major implication of health care fraud and abuse is the monetary loss due to e improper activities which endanger patient safety. The United States Attorneys' offices (USAOs) are held responsible for the civil and criminal prosecution of health care providers, professionals, and other specialized business agencies who engage with health care fraud and abuse. The US government has appropriated certain amount (DOJ, 2000) from the United States Treasury general fund and they in turn must appropriate the Account for transfer some to the federal Bureau of Investigation in order to carry out the purpose and processes as described in above statements. Another implication is the intensification of health care fraud enforcement. This can never be achieved without the cooperation of other stakeholders. In fact, the FBI is one organization involved in the said cooperative effort. Federal agencies needs to collaborate with health care fraud working groups, have a liaison program among organizations and attend trainings as well as conferences. New statutory tools are believed to support ad be provided in order to combat health care fraud. Although Around $451,000 was budgeted to HCFA ($395,500) as well as the ASMB or Assistant Secretary for Management and Budget at the end of 2000 for the formal risk management operations.

Project leadership and change management plan Essay

Project leadership and change management plan - Essay Example In the case of Farnsdale, the project involves the change of the management system including the leadership approaches used by the business. The firm becomes the project since it has defects in all departments. The first phase will include a clarification of the firms goals, mission, and objectives. Additionally, individual departments should also adopt personal and group objectives that will serve as motivational factors for the firm in the long-run. The approach will also identify the presence of double role allocation that is the major cost of the firm’s costs due to increased employee numbers. The leadership structure will also be identified as the main source of failure since the rigid corporate structure. Ms. Cynthia Simpson does not have the required leadership skills to run such a large company. All she cares about is power and a management structure that will adhere to her rules. The presence of many bosses and unnecessary positions are also part of the problem because the firm incurs more costs in settling salaries with fewer outputs. The increment in the number of secretaries portrays double role allocation that would be catered for by one employee. The business also lacks team attitude that in most cases is responsible for personal competition. The factor has led to top employees leaving the firm since there are no competition and employee satisfaction. The lack of motivation has caused the employees to conduct their allocated roles on monetary motives rather than company objectives and goals (Blake and Bush, 2009). Farnsdale also lacks proper communication channels between the higher ranks and the workers in lower departments. The leadership approach can be determined as autocratic since Ms. Cynthia Simpson does not take advice from other leaders in the firm. She makes operation decisions on her own while her ‘Clowns agree

The Structure and Development of Nigerian Economy Essay

The Structure and Development of Nigerian Economy - Essay Example The current president Umaru Yar'Adua came to power following a controversial election in 2007. The economy of Nigeria has always been dominated by Petroleum accounting for about 25 percent of GDP. 90 percent of exports consist of petroleum and related products and 70 percent of government revenue comes from Oil. But lately its dependence on oil is set to change due to the constant disturbance in the delta region making oil production difficult. About 65% of the population is engaged in agricultural activities. The Economic reform in Nigeria started in year 2000, but the growth has been very slow throughout the country. Corruption remains pervasive despite progress made by the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission. -The paper aims to examine the overall economic development in Nigeria after its independence. The paper looks in detail how far the natural resources in Nigeria like petroleum, oil and gas sectors has helped the economic development of the country. It will also do an analysis of whether Nigeria depends too much upon the oil sector which provides 95% of its export earnings, and how this factor has weakened its agricultural potential. What are the major factors that contributed growth of Nigerian economy as a whole and what are the driving forces of Nigerian economy What are the underlying weaknesses of Nigeria as a country How corruption in Nigerian governmental agencies has affected the growth of Nigeria in all spheres. Objectives: To evaluate overall economic development in Nigeria for the last 5years (i.e. GDP rates, inflation or deflation, interest rates, movement of cash flow; rate of the Unemployment; and macroeconomic performance of the whole country). To analyze the growth of the petroleum, oil & gas sector, how far this growth has affected government revenue & economic development of the country. To discuss the trend in unemployment rate within the last 5years and evaluate whether the petroleum & gas sectors has any impact on such trend. Analyze problems in development of the economy due to lack of attention of government in agriculture & rural areas. To evaluate the various initiatives taken by the Nigerian Government to tackle the issues that hampers the economical growth of the country. (Erhiawarien). Work Cited Index of Economic Freedom: 2008. The Heritage Foundation. 2008. 16 Apr. 2008. . Nigeria: General Information. MBendi Information for Africa. 23 Aug. 2006. 16 Apr. 2008. . Nigeria: Economy. 16 Apr. 2008. . Country briefings Nigeria: History in Brief. Economist.com. Business friendly. 15 Nov. 2004. 16 Apr. 2008. . Erhiawarien, Mercy. Master's Dissertation Proposal - Nigeria's NEEDS, an Analysis of the NEEDS Policy. 16 Apr. 2008.

Finance Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance Principles - Essay Example It can be explained as, if one of the asset in the portfolio is giving negative return, then it would not have a significant impact on the overall return of the portfolio because the other assets might be performing well and thus making up for the asset which is not performing well. Diversification helps an investor to have consistent return on its portfolio over a period of time. An investor who is risk-averse in nature would always strive to have a completely diversified portfolio in order to minimize risks associated with it. Quantitative measure of portfolio is possible with the advent of several portfolio selection theories. Using those quantitative measures one can have the benefits of diversification to the maximum amount possible. The diversification strategy proposed by Markowitz is based on the covariance between the returns generated by the assets included in a portfolio. The diversification theory proposed by Markowitz is related to the risks associated with the portfolio as a whole and not the risk associated with any asset in isolation. Markowitz used variance as a measure of risk. Markowitz tried to develop a diversified portfolio by including those assets in the portfolio which are not perfectly positively correlated with each other, so that the variance in return of the portfolio is minimized without affecting much on the return of the portfolio.1 Mean – Variance Diversification Mean – Variance diversification portfolio theory utilizes marginal analysis as a means of achieving optimal level of diversified portfolio. It is based on the fact that diversification should be enhanced until and unless marginal cost is less than the marginal benefit. The advantage of this theory is the minimization of risk. The costs that are considered in this theory are holding costs and transaction costs. The standard deviation of the returns generated through the combination of assets is used as the risk measure in case of this theory of diversificat ion. Marginal benefits associated with diversification of portfolio get increased with decrease in correlation between asset returns. On diversification of the portfolio the expected value of standard deviation goes on decreasing. Optimal diversification depends on the expected correlations between each pair of assets in the portfolio, the buying costs of each of the assets, the holding costs of the assets and expected premium on equity used as asset in the portfolio.2 Risks associated with any portfolio can either be unsystematic risks or systematic risks. As discussed earlier risk gets reduced with diversification. However, diversification reduce risk only to a certain level, beyond which it is not possible to reduce risk because changes in the market conditions as a whole affects in variation of prices of all the assets included in the portfolio and it is not possible to reduce or eliminate this variability beyond a certain level. Hence it is necessary to divide risk into two par ts, namely systematic risk and unsystematic risk. The risk which represents that portion of the variability in asset caused by the market movements are known as systematic risk. This type of risk is unavoidable in nature and is sometimes termed as beta as mentioned in the Capital Asset Pricing

The latest technology in Health Information Tracking Research Paper

The latest technology in Health Information Tracking - Research Paper Example The insufficiency of computerized information related to heath care, health information systems are implemented. These systems do not support data analysis in which equity related stratifies is usually not possible. The transformation of the healthcare industry utilizing Information Technology is continuously updating. The healthcare sector’s investment in Information Technology is not up to the mark for at least a decade, as history shows that the health care industry has adopted the Information Technology late. As the increasing costs of healthcare intimidate the competitive advantage of developed countries, ways to use information technology to organize costs are being recognized. Major government projects focus on the improvement of information technology adoption and shrink costs while protecting patient privacy. Requirement for researchers to facilitate practitioners recognize how information technology can advance hospitals’ productivity is evident. As people are becoming more and more aged, population is becoming a challenge in social and economic sector worldwide. In the United States, people with age over 65 are expected to hit 70 million by 2030. This figure is doubled as compared to 35 million in 2000. Health care in the context of Information technology has become an obsession globally. These increments are been observer globally. The old aged people having diseases, requiring constant monitoring and medication and need to visit the hospitals and clinics on a regular basis. If the disease is identified at the initial stage by health monitoring techniques, the quality of life will be improved and many lives can be saved. At the same time, investigating the disease can reduce the cost and resources which are utilized for the treatment of a patient. The cost related to health care is also an emerging problem (Durresi et al.

Pavlovian Conditioning’s Cause and Effect Relationship With Overdose Essay Example for Free

Pavlovian Conditioning’s Cause and Effect Relationship With Overdose Essay Summary: Harm Reduction Journal Gerevich, Bacskai, Farkas, and Danics’ case report studied if Pavlovian conditioning can directly relate to death from overdose. The case followed a young that had been treated multiple times for an addiction to heroin. As a result for the multiple treatments studies have shown that drug overdose occurs most frequently when the patient accustomed to the drug gives up its use then after a while attempts to continue addictive behavior with the same dose before withdrawal. His daily dose had not differed even the fatal overdose, thus proving the conditioned tolerance failed to operate. This indicates that morphine concentrations measured in cases of drug related death do not differ substantially form those measured in cases where the outcome is not fatal. Conditioning can contribute to prevention of fatal cases however, also contribute to cases of tolerance becoming fatal. Summary: Pavlovian conditioning and Drug Overdose: When Tolerance Fails  Siegel’s performed a study of that which Pavlovian conditioning and drug overdose play an important and integral relationship with one another. Siegel researched and studied cases of overdose and examined rats injected with an opiate. He observed that Pavlovian conditioning contributes to tolerance when the user begins to make observations of the effects of the drug in the presence of cues that were previously paired with the drug. Two stimuli are present and one will presumably predict the other, this includes the drug. When the tolerance the chance for overdose increases as well. The unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s conditioning is the effect of the drug.  This conditioning makes relapsing common because of the craving for unconditioned stimulus. It is necessary to allow extinction the cues that are presented with the drug in order for recovery. Overdose doesn’t necessarily have to c ome from the conditioning process but many experiments verify a higher risk if conditions are present. In 1927 Ivan Pavlov studied a direct relationship between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. As the result of as series of conditionings, Pavlov discovered that the conditioned stimulus is able to create the same response as the unconditioned stimulus over a period of time. The relationship of the two is evident and a major factor in fatal overdoses, whether in drug overdose or binge drinking. The correlation between classic conditioning and overdose can be observed where tolerance fails. If one were to treat an addiction, one must acknowledge the conditioning process and eliminate conditioned cues related with the drug (Bacskai, Danics, Farkas Gerevich, 2005). Cases where tolerance failed can be directly found in classical conditioning involved with drug or drinking paired cues and environmental cues as well as associated with the addiction, therefore the cue must be eliminated in order for proper recovery. Tolerance plays a crucial role in overdose as well as addiction. Overdose becomes fatal when tolerance does not occur. According to Siegel, â€Å"Evidence that drug tolerance depends not only upon experience with the drug but also experience with the drug-paired cues† (p. 505, 2001). Addicts suffer from overdose primarily because they do not show the level of tolerance that they expect in drug-experienced individuals (Siegel, 2001). Those suffering with addiction have become conditioned not only physically, but also emotionally in need of the high that is released with a substance. The addiction is the conditioned stimulus, which leaves room for the effects of the drug or drink to be the unconditioned stimulus. Siegel found that events that occur during the drug administration directly correspond to a Pavlovian conditioning trial (2001). Over time the effects become a conditioned response in which they will relate the experience of the high as a cue. Cues are dangerous when de aling with conditioning and treatment. Cues accompanying the drug effect function as CSs, and the direct drug effect constitutes the UCS. Prior to any learning, this UCS elicits responses- UCRs- that compensate for drug-induced disturbances. After some pairings of the pre-drugs CS and pharmacological UCS, the drug compensatory response are elicited by drug-paired stimuli as CRs (Siegel, 2001, p. 505). Thus, in approach to treatment prior to an overdose, the cues must be eliminated. In the study by Siegel, it is studied that drugs and alcohol in particular will have a greater impact if they are administered in the presence of unique cues rather than in the presence of predictable cues that it is associated with (2011). In Bacskai, Danics, Farkas and Gerevich study, they followed the life of an addict which overdosed and claimed that the user could not recover properly due to learned conditioning regarding his heroin addiction. In the autopsy report they were able to clarify that his over dosage was the exact same as his no rmal dosage of .05mg/L. â€Å"The fatal consequences of the heroin injection may have been caused by the failure in the action of conditioned tolerance† (Bacskai, Danics, Farkas Gerevich, 2005). Environmental cues are also factors of conditioning that are paired with cases of overdose. The term tolerance situational-specificity, according to Siegel, results because we prepare ourselves in advance for the psychological changes produced by the drug when we are provided with certain cues that a drug or drink can imminent (2011). An example can be taken from Shapiro and Nathan in1986 when they studied the relationship between environmental cues and substance ingested. They had two groups, one that drank at home and one that drank in the lab environment. After 10 days they reversed the environment for the remaining participants. Upon the discovery they realized that those who had consumed alcohol in the lab environment were less affected in their performance tasks than those who consumed alcohol in the home environment. This demonstrating that tolerance was situationally precise to the environment in which the alcohol was once consumed. Environmental cues can be anywhere from a p arty to a room in a house. They can also be an atmosphere or specific type of people. It is important to identify these cues apart from the actual addiction. Now that cues can be identified separate from the drug of drink, the conditioned  response must be eliminated in order to treat recovery. Pavlov discovered that in order to eliminate a behavior, it is necessary to remove or substitute the conditioned stimulus. In order to eliminate any such cue, one must identify the cues present. In severe cases one might create a lesion in the hippocampal area located in the brain but it is not completely necessary. The most likely case in elimination is when a conditioned response becomes extinct. In order for extinction to occur the conditioned stimulus must be presented without the unconditioned stimulus. An example of a drug or drinking paired cue could be a positive or negative factor, like vomiting or, a party like environment. The cue can be created with induced vomiting when the drug or alcohol is present. This creates a fear tactic, which becomes associated with the addiction and thus making one afraid of the substance. Environmental cues can be both simple and difficult to eliminate. One must be taken out of his or hers setting of addiction. This could mean a living room, bathroom, party scene, work scene, or anywhere that the drug or drinking is associated with. These environments can cause pr essure in the subconscious toward the substance. Remember the Shapiro and Nathan experiment in1986; environment does affect one’s attitude toward the addiction. In Siegel’s 2001 study he discovered that when heroin was injected in an unfamiliar place the user is not as dangerous or place to overdose. The dangers of not eliminating cues can allow tolerance to take its role until overdose occurs. â€Å"Users familiar with the concept of conditioned place preference could have greater chances of survival than those who are not aware of it† (Bacskai, Danics, Farkas Gerevich, 2005). Demonstrating that it is necessary for the cues to be eliminated to reduce the risk of overdose. Therefore, Pavlov’s conditioning has a direct and present relationship involved in overdose cases. Conditioning turns unconditioned stimulus into conditioned responses. The responses can act as cues, which can trigger the addiction. Cues can be both drug, or drinking paired and environmentally stimulated. Tolerance has been proven to fail in fatal cases of overdose due to classical conditioning. In order to recover properly these cues must be eliminated. Treatments can include anything from fear tactics, to removing  the entire substance. Severe cases of addiction, which relate to overdose can be treated with lesions in the brain. References Gerevich, J., Bacskai, E., Farkas, L., Danics, Z. (2005). A case report: Pavlovian conditioning as a risk factor of heroin â€Å"overdose† death. Harm Reduction Journal, 2. Siegel, S. (2011). The Four-Loko Effect. Perspective on Psychological Science, 6, 357-361. Siegel, S. (2001). Pavlovian conditioning and drug overdose: When tolerance fails. Addiction Research and Theory, 9, 503-513. Shapiro, A. P., Nathan, P. E. (1986). Human tolerance to alcohol† The role of Pavlovian conditioning processes. Psychopharmacology, 88, 90, 95.

Investigation into Stress Capacity

Investigation into Stress Capacity This physics experiment was conducted to investigate stress capacity or known as tensile strength. We had to determine the relationship between the force applied on an object and the extension of the elastic material. The link between the force applied and the extension of the spring is governed by Hookes Law. To establish this connection, we need to measure the relationship between the force applied and the extension. We did this by adding a series of masses, which builds the force on the spring (The Professor, 2016). Hookes Law: When an elastic object is stretched, the expanded length is called extension. The extension of the elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied to it also known as F=kx. F is Force and expressed in Newtons (N). k is the spring constant expressed in newtons per metre (N/m) x is the extension expressed in metres (m). (BBC Bitesize, 2016) A force causes an object to undergo changes, forces that are unbalanced change speed, shape or direction. Gravitational forces are only in effect if there are two or more masses while friction opposes motion (BBC Bitesize,2017). Forces that affected this experiment are: Gravitational Force, Applied Force, Tensional Force. Gravitational Force: A force of attraction between all objects, it depends on the masses of the object and the distance between them. The larger object, the stronger the gravitational force. Applied Force: A force when an object is being pushed or pulled by another object. Applied forces causes an object to undergo changes in acceleration, velocity and direction. The force equation is F=ma. Tensional Force: It is a force that is transmitted through a string, cable, elastic band, rope or a wire. Tensional force is directed along the length of the object when it is pulled by forces from opposite ends. The relationship between stress and strain is known as the stress-strain curve. It is different for each material and is found by recording the amount of deformation at distinct intervals of tensile or compressive loading. Strain is relative change in shape or size of an object due to externally applied forces. This means it becomes dimensionless and has no units. Stress is the internal force (per unit area) associated with strain. It is predicted that the two materials will show different conclusions. I believe that the silicon tube has higher capability of holding larger masses. It depends on the length and thickness of the material. The prediction is that the silicon tube will have the highest stress capacity and wont have a long extension while the elastic band will stretch the furthest but wons have much stress capacity. Equipment Retort Stand Clamp 1 Metre Ruler Mass Hanger Silicon Tube Elastic Band 50g and 100g Masses Notebook and Pen Procedure Setup Retort stand and clamp. To start with, place the material/object on without any stress. Measure the weight of the mass hanger. Measure the length of the material/object. Place mass on it and measure the length to figure out extension Record results on table Repeat step 5, three times for each weight to allow results to be reliable then find average. Keep repeating step 5,6,7 until enough data has been recorded for each material Milan Abraham Elastic Band Mass (kg) Force Original Length 1st Extension 2nd Extension 3rd Extension Average 0 0 14.9 0.061 0.60N 14.9 +1.1 (16) +0.9 (15.8) +1 (15.9) +1 (15.9) 0.161 1.58N 14.9 +1.5 (16.4) +1.4 (16.3) +1.5 (16.4) +1.5 (16.4) 0.261 2.56N 14.9 +1.8 (16.7) +1.7 (16.6) +1.9 (16.8) +1.8 (16.7) 0.361 3.54N 14.9 +2.1 (17) +2 (16.9) +2.2 (17.1) +2.1 (17) 0.461 4.52N 14.9 +2.4 (17.3) +2.3 (17.2) +2.6 (17.5) +2.4 (17.3) 0.561 5.50N 14.9 +2.9 (17.8) +2.9 (17.8) +2.7 (17.6) +2.8 (17.7) Milan Abraham Silicon Tube Mass (kg) Force Original Length 1st Extension 2nd Extension 3rd Extension Average 0 0 72.2 0.061 0.60N 72.2 +2.3 (74.5) +2.3 (74.5) +2.8 (75) +2.5 (74.7) 0.161 1.58N 72.2 +4.3 (76.5) +4.3 (76.5) +4.3 (76.5) +4.3 (76.5) 0.261 2.56N 72.2 +5.3 (77.5) +6.3 (78.5) +5.8 (78) +5.8 (78) 0.361 3.54N 72.2 +7.8 (80) +7.8 (80) +8.3 (80.5) +8 (80.2) 0.461 4.52N 72.2 +8.8 (81) +8.3 (80.5) +8.8 (81) +8.6 (80.8) 0.561 5.50N 72.2 +10.3 (82.5) +9.8 (82) +9.8 (82) +10 (82.2) 0.98 1.4 0.7 The Elastic band and Silicon tube was hung vertically with a mass hanger to the end of the material. Masses from 61g to 561g were added. The length of the elastic band was measured once it was at rest. In this structure, certain forces were in effect. Gravitational force directed the hanging masses downwards. The Applied Force in this case is the masses pushes the elastic material downwards with gravity supporting it.   Restoring Force directs the elastic material upwards, in the opposite direction of displacement. Tension is directed through each material pulling each end. Using Newtons Law the spring constant was calculated for each material. F=ma was transferred into W=mg to calculate gravity. To find the spring constant for the elastic band, mass was turned into dynes. Gravity times mass= dynes. 9836.07 times 0.561 = 5518.04 dynes. Then it is dynes divided by extension(cm) which is 5518.07 divided by 2.8 = 1970.74 dynes/cm which is 1.97N/m. The spring constant for the silicon t ube was which is 0.55N/m. The intercept for the best fit straight line is close to the origin and is also consistent with Hookes Law. To minimise errors, we should have viewed the ruler from specific angles to make sure it was vertical. The scale should be viewed at eye level to avoid parallax error. There were some issues with the retort stand so some equipment was not fit for the experiment and were faulty. In some instances, we needed to make sure that when the person was adding mass, he didnt stretch the material while he was doing it so the results could be accurate. We reduced the decimal places to two so that results could be easy to substitute while being accurate. The hypothesis was predicted to be that the elastic band while have a longer extension than the silicon tube and the silicon tube would be stronger than the elastic band. The prediction wasnt correct as from results it says that silicon tube had a bigger extension which was a surprising result as the material was much thicker. The elastic band had the best result because it showed results that were somewhat predicted and accurate. Through this experiment investigated stress capacity, Hookes Law and certain forces which have influenced the experiment. The hypothesis wasnt as predicted. For this experiment, we determine the spring constant and Youngs Module, we had to interpret the behaviour of two different materials. The results will be analysed to determine what is happening to the materials physically and which one is more capable of the masses. The two types of materials used for this experiment were an elastic band and a tube of silicon rubber.