Skills required for a successful health and safety practitioner Essay

Skills withdrawd for a successful health and safety practitioner - Essay Example skillful training also equips individuals with numerous other skills that promote their success in the profession.Slide 3, Among such skills is communication. Health practitioners interact with their patients on numerous platforms. Such interactions require adequate communication. Among the most essential roles of a health practitioner is diagnosis a process that requires a patient to describe his feelings to a health practitioners (Patel and deception 91).Slide 4, The health practitioners must understand the descriptions and make accurate diagnosis thus advising appropriate treatments. The need for effective communication skills commands proficiency in language. As the medium for communication, the health and safety practitioners must have the ability to speak the appropriate language and do so appropriately in order to enhance the effectiveness of the communication processes (Storey and Craig 21).Sl ide 6, Health and safety practitioners must understand relevant laws. Laws and codes of conduct are vital in the practice since they help command the rise of legal tussles that may jeopardize the career of an individual. Ethical codes on the other hand influence the decisions that safety and health practitioners make thus ensuring that the practitioners affect the values of a society (Stellman 55).Slide 7, The nature of the career requires the practitioners to make decisions urgently in order to overcome challenges. The conditions are always precarious and a decision can either save or lose a life. Despite such, the health and safety practitioners must always make such decisions and aim their patients appropriately. This requires the practitioners to have effective analytical skills in order to analyze their circumstances and device appropriate decisions to help overcome the

Isolation of Essential Oils from Eugenol Essay Example for Free

Isolation of Essential Oils from Eugenol EssayAnyone who has walked through a forest or who enjoys the variety of fragrances that flowers down to offer knows that umteen plants and trees have their own distinctively pleasant odors. These odors are due to the volatile indwelling oils, many of which have been prized commodities since ancient times. If a list of commercially important essential oils was compiled the list would exceed 200 essential oils. Thyme, garlic, peppermint, and spearmint are but a few examples of the many essential oils used in commercial goods. Essential oils have many applications in the world that mountain range from flavor enhancement to perfumes. Some oils have also been shew to have medicinal properties such as antibacterial and antifungal abilities. Chaulmoogra oil is one of the few know curative agents for leprosy. The oils can also be used in the paint industry, where turpentine is used as a solvent for many paint products. These oils are often f ound in the intracellular spaces and glands of plant tissue.The oils may be located throughout the entire plant, but are often concentrated in the seeds or flowers of the plant. many of the essential oils are steam-volatile and can undergo steam distillation to isolate the oils. Another method of oil line from these plants is through both solvent extraction and pressing methods. The functional group that is mostly responsible for the characteristic odors and flavors of fruit and flowers is the ester.Although the ester composes most of the scents it is not totally responsible for all scents. Beside the ester functional group an essential oil can also possess complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carbonyl groups. These abstruses usually belong to one of two groups of natural products called terpenes or phenylpropanoids. Investigation of the essential oils in the nineteenth century found that many of the pleasant odors we obtain from nature contained exactly 10 carbon atoms in the compound.These 10-carbon compounds later became known as terpenes if they were hydrocarbons. If the compound contained oxygen in an alcohol, ketone, or aldehyde functional group it was called a terpenoid. It was eventually found that minor and less volatile compounds containing 15, 20, 30, and 40 carbon atoms also live that give an odor. Since the 10-carbon compounds were at the time called terpenes they changed the name to monoterpenes. The other terpenes were classified in the following way. Class

To what extent Essay Example for Free

To what extent EssayFor popishs, pietism and politics were inseparable, for example, priests were always senators. Augustus needed to be seen as an emperor if he cute to be one, he used religion to do this a religious figure would never have been challenged, they were respected and obeyed. When Augustus became pontifex maximus in 12 BC he became, not moreover the saecular head of the Roman Empire, but the religious leader as well. Augustus used religion to reorganise the state, establish his own legislations and revive emeritus festivals and ceremonies. However, although the advantages to himself were clear, he needed to be aware of Caesars fate and not offend tradition. Augustus knew that he had to be very careful close how he went about things in Rome but, in the East, it was a lot more acceptable as the large number were already used to worshipping their leaders. If he could be worshipped in the East first, it may make it easier to be worshipped in Rome itself later on. In private it suited Augustus to be integrated with state religion, as demonstrated in the Res Gestae I was pontifex maximus, augur, quindecemviri sacris faciundis.However, in public Augustus had to appear respectful of traditional formula, as shown on the Ara Pacis. After his death Augustus could be worshipped with no issues, during his lifetime however, it was in no way acceptable. Augustus had to resist the creation of an imperial cult during his lifetime to avoid losing all popular substantiate and ending in the same way as his predecessor did. This said, the creation of an imperial cult, if successful, would bring unitedly the disparate provinces that he governed, bringing not only power but also prestige.An imperial cult was the mass veneration of not only Augustus genius, but that of his family and successors. Being a member of the Julian line, he already had some claim to a connective with the idols. Augustus Prima Porta, fashioned in a Hellenistic style, not only show s his pietas, but his link with the God of Love, Venus. Clinging to his body is cupid riding a dolphin as cupid is the sibling of Aenus who founded the Julian line, the direct message that he is involved with the Gods is already being propagated. Equally, the fact that Caesar had been make a deity, established the notion that he was a semi-deity in the minds of many Romans.In the Mediterranean world, Augustus provinces were singular in that the citizens of Rome would have regarded treating your ruler as a deity as sacrilegious and immoral. Conversely, in the East, this was not only acceptable, but also demanded. Ptolemaic Egypt was cult-like and worshipped pharaohs as Gods. Due to heterogeneous territories, religion was seen as a uniting factor for rulers to forge links between the populace and themselves. The idea of Augustus openly declaring himself as a deity during his lifetime was an impotentialness that would have led to exile or assassination.However, just as Caesar had suppo sedly risen to the heavens to be immortalised as a deity after his death, he too could be worshipped like this. The evidence of this is demonstrated by the construction of various temples built to him after his death in AD 14 for example, the tabernacle to Divus Augustus is shown on the Denarius of AD 158. Moreover, Suetoniuss Life of Augustus shows us ways in which, rather than being an innovator of a new imperial cult, Augustus actually restored traditional religious practices.By appearing to buy into the conservatism of Roman religion, Augustus would have pleased the tradionalist majority and allowed his continuing expansionist military effort and vice of the cursus honourum, without worry of religious misdemeanour. Suetonius describes his burning of anonymous or unrespected authors keeping only the sibylline books. He also revived certain rites such as the polarity of Safety, the flamen dialis, the Lupercalia, the Saecular Games and the Compitalia. Additionally, he extended t he number and prestige of priesthoods.This demonstrated the difference between Augustus private and public goals whereas privately he wished to integrate himself into state religion, publically he had to show piety and respect towards tradition. As previously noted, in the Res Gestae, Augustus lists his religious powers and titles considering that the Res Gestae was effectively an autobiography, it can be inferred that this was received positively as he was satisfied to publish this on stele, it is also evident that the Res Gestae was propaganda designed to influence and so can not be deemed as a reliable, nor objective theme.Prompting the creation of an imperial cult would have enshrined Augustus as a deity, given him infinite power to develop his empire and secured his legacy forever. However, it was alert that he treaded the delicate line between paying lip service to Roman conservatism whilst at the same time, attempting to set himself above, and apart from, the average Roman politician. Associating himself with Roman deities was an ideal way of achieving this goal and thither is a huge range of evidence that he did very little to resist this. Indeed, it is quite possible that he actually endorsed it.Suetonius describes how he renamed the month Sextilis, to August and therefore put straight the calendar. Equally, the Horologium Augusti in the Campus Martius, an immense sundial drew attention to Augustus in a mien unavailable to other Romans. The Serviri Augustutales at Narbo of AD 12-13 was altar dedicated to Augustus. It proclaimed that the Julian ancestral colony of Narbo Martinius had bound themselves to worship his divinity for ever. Additionally, the Temple of Augustus at Pula (built between 2 BC and AD 14) and the Temple of Augustus at Tarraco were also built.The Temple of Augustus at Pula had a dedication reading Roma and Augustus Caesar, male child of deity, father of the fatherland indicating that the temple was primarily dedicated to the godd ess Roma, the personification of Rome, making himself a secondary figure to the City in order to not be seen to be encouraging the creation of an imperial cult. It could be argued that, if Augustus was genuinely against the worship of himself and his family, he would have prevented provincials from establishing temples in his name despite the fact that the Hellenistic practice of ruler-worship was well established in certain provinces.However, the evidence suggests that this was not the case as Augustus did little to nothing to prevent the construction of such temples. Indeed, Augustus, upon hearing that the people of Tarraco had reported a palm tree had grown on an altar to him, is recorded by Quintilian to have responded, That shows how often you light a fire there. This clearly opposes the view that he shrinked from such worship as it suggests he encouraged it. However, as Quintilian wrote this decades after the event may have happened, the reliability of this source must be ques tioned.Furthermore, the aureus of 19 BC depicts the Altar of Fortuna Redux, an altar at the Porta Capena to the Home-bringer, praising her for Augustus safe return. This was also the site of the festival of Augustalia the act of having inspirational festivals dedicated to you was naturally a privilege usually reserved to the Gods. Furthermore, the close proximity of Temple of Apollo Palatinus with Augustus house blurred the lines between his numen and his power as they came together as an imperial residence. The Hymn of the Salii, or Carmen Saeculare was the song of the leaping priests of Mars, keepers of the ancilia and undoubtedly revered positions.The fact that they added his name to this god-praising song was highly unconventional and a unafraid move if Augustus had ordered this. Augustus evidently sponsored Augustan Literature, finished Maecenus patronage of several poets. There are many clear examples of Augustus either being associated with the Gods in literature, or being portrayed as god himself. There is no doubt that Augustus knew about these comparisons prior to recital or publication and therefore encouraged these attempts to link himself with deities.Virgils Aeneid is the prime example of this the poem depicts Augustus descending from heaven with Iulus, loaded with the wealth of Egypt of the Orients spoils and that he too shall be called upon in requester. To add to this emphasis of his connection with Iulus, the building of the Temple to Divus Julius in the Forum Romanum and the Temple to Mars Ultor in the forum of Augustus both underline his connection to the semi-deity Caesar through his completion of filial duty. Horaces Odes 1. 2 similarly shows Augutus as the gods right hand man.Horace describes the moral decline and religious neglect of the period of obliging war and strife and Augustus is called forth to atone for previous sins and to aid the crumbling Empire. Such glowing accounts of Augutus can be explained as many of the poets wer e convalescing from lost estates from well-behaved war times and, through indirect sponsorship from Augustus, were expected to translate underlying messages of the regime into poetry. Naturally, this kind of blatant worshiping was only acceptable in the abstract speciality of poetry, as poetry was known to exaggerate reality and stretch any possible truth.Overall, the weight of evidence tends to suggest that Augustus did not try particularly tight to resist the creation of an imperial cult during his lifetime. Although he showed piety and respect to tradition throughout his reign, his sanctioning and, often encouragement, of provincials worshipping him demonstrated that he wished to be classed as a divine being as it meant that he would have gained all possible power. The creation of an imperial cult resulted in an almost tyrannical rule, where Augustus could not be questioned.

Comparative Study of Methods of Fetal Weight Estimation

Comparative Study of Methods of Fetal Weight EstimationINTRODUCTIONKnowledge of fetal angle in utero is important for the obstetricalian to decide whether or not to deliver the fetus and also to decide the mode of delivery. Both low comport system of weights and excessive fetal weight at delivery are associated with increased risk of newborn complications during labor and the puerperium. Various clinical looke akin Johnsons formula and break of days formula have come into usage for fetal weight estimation. An early(a) formula is the product of symphysiofundal bloom with abdominal girth in centimeters which gives a fairly uncorrupted estimate of fetal weight.METHODSIt is a prospective observational study of 200 women at term pregnancy at a hospital.Patients within 15 eld from their Expected Date of Delivery were included in the study. The formulas used in this study areJOHNSONS radiation diagramSYMPHYSIOFUNDAL HEIGHT X ABDOMINAL cinch (AG X SFH)DAWNS FORMULAHADLOCKS FORMULA USING ULTRASOUND.RESUTLSThere have been differing results about accuracy of various rules of estimating fetal weight. This study showed that AG X SFH was the best indicator among in all otherwise methods assessed followed by Hadlocks formula by ultrasonographic method.CONCLUSIONFundal height assessment is an inexpensive method for display for fetal growth restriction. SFH measurement continues to be used in many countries on large scale because of its low cost, ease of use, and need for little nurture as the setup for ultrasonographic evaluation is not readily available in rural setups.KEYWORDS Fetal Weight, At Term Pregnancy, Symphysiofundal Height, Ultrasonography, Newborn ComplicationsINTRODUCTIONKnowledge of fetal weight in utero is important for the obstetrician to decide whether or not to deliver the fetus and also to decide the mode of delivery. Both low birth weight and excessive fetal weight at delivery are associated with an increased risk of newborn complications dur ing labor and the puerperium. The perinatal complications associated with low birth weight are attributable to preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), or both. For excessively large fetuses, the potential complications associated with delivery include shoulder dystocia, brachial plexus injuries, lean injuries, and intrapartum asphyxia. The maternal risks associated with the delivery of an excessively large fetus include birth canal and pelvic floor injuries and postpartum hemorrhage. The occurrence of cephalopelvic disproportion is more prevalent with increase fetal size and contributes to both an increased rate of operative vaginal delivery and ces orbital cavityn delivery for macrosomic fetuses compared with fetuses of normal weight. Estimation of fetal weight beingness done clinically has received much criticism for slight accuracy due to observer variation.Various clinical formulae like Johnsons formula and Dawns formula have come into usage for fetal weight estimation. Another formula is the product of symphysiofundal height with abdominal girth in centimeters which gives a fairly good estimate of fetal weight.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe aim of this study was to assess the fetal weight in term pregnancies by various methods- abdominal girth (cms) X symphysiofundal height (cms) AG X SFH, Johnsons formula, Dawns formula and Hadlocks formula using ultrasound, and to compare the methods by and by knowing the echt weight of the baby after birth.MATERIALS AND METHODSIt is a prospective observational study of 200 women at term pregnancy at Dhiraj General Hospital, Vadodara from 1st June 2010 to thirty-first May 2011. Patients within 15 days from their Expected Date of Delivery were included in the study.Cases of MULTIPLE PREGNANCIES, OLIGO/POLYHYDRAMNIOS, MALPRESENTATIONS AND FIBROID OR ADNEXAL MASSES were excludedTHE METHODSJOHNSONS FORMULASYMPHYSIOFUNDAL HEIGHT X ABDOMINAL GIRTH.DAWNS FORMULAHADLOCKS FORMULA USING ULTRASOUND.JOHNSONS FORMULAW EIGHT IN GRAMS = (SYMPHYSIOFUNDAL HEIGHT x) X 155.Here symphysiofundal height is taken after correcting the dextrorotation, from the upper border of symphysis to the height of the fundus.station of the head was notedx = 12 when head was at or above the level of the ischial spinesx = 11 when head was below the level of ischial spines.AG X SFHWeight in grams = abdominal girth (AG) x symphysiofundal height (SFH) (AG X SFH)Abdominal girth was measured at the level of umbilicus and symphysiofundal height as described earlier.DAWNS FORMULAWEIGHT IN GRAMS =Longitudinal diameter of the uterus x (transverse diameter of the uterus)2 x 1.442HADLOCKS FORMULAAfter head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur space were measured in centimeters, the sonography machine calculated the fetal weight.Fetal weight estimated by the above four methods was compared with the actual weight of the baby after birth. A comparative analysis of the four methods was done.OBSERVATION AND RESULTSTABLE I W EIGHT WISE DISTRIBUTIONTABLE II AVERAGE ERROR IN CALCULATION OF FETAL WEIGHT IN VARIOUS GROUPSAverage error in all fetal weight groups except in 3500 gms was least with AG X SFH closely followed by Hadlocks ultrasound method.Average error in 3500 gms group was least with Johnsons formula.TABLE III NUMBER OF CASES UNDERESTIMATED AND OVERESTIMATED IN VARIOUS FORMULASNumber of over and under-estimations in all fetal weight groups was calculated.AG X SFH and Dawns formula had a tendency to underestimate. The other 2 methods overestimated.In 3500 gms group, all methods underestimated.TABLE IV MAXIMUM ERROR IN ALL FETAL WEIGHT GROUPSMost marked with Dawns and least with AG X SFH.By both these methods maximum error was in the 3001- 3500 gms group.By Johnsons formula, maximum error was in the TABLE V PERCENTAGE ERROR IN VARIOUS METHODSPercentage error was calculated usingx/y x 100x= error in gramsy= birth weight in gramsAs seen in the table, 85.5% cases came within 15% of actual birth weight by both Hadlocks and AG X SFH methods.As compared to only 50% and 63.5% by Dawns and Johnsons formula, respectively.TABLE VI STANDARD DEVIATION OF PREDICTION ERRORThe meter deviation of prediction error was least with Hadlocks formula, closely followed by AG X SFH.It is much higher with Dawns and Johnsons formulae.The dissonance between the four methods was statistically different. p value DISCUSSIONBirth weight is a key variable affecting fetal and neonatal morbidity, particu- larly in preterm and small-for-dates babies. In addition, it is of value in the management of breech presentations, diabetes mellitus, trial of labour, macrosomic fetuses and multiple births.Clinicians estimates of birth weight in term pregnancy were as accurate as routine ultrasound estimation in the week before delivery. Furthermore, parous womens estimates of birth weight were more accurate than either clinical or ultrasound estimation.There have been differing results about the accuracy of the va rious methods of estimating fetal weight.This study showed that AG X SFH was the best indicator among all of the other methods assessed followed by Hadlocks formula by ultrasonographic method.Other studies have reported limited accuracy of ultrasound EFW at term, particularly in macrosomic fetuses but over all accuracy of this formula is same for all infants.Equipped with information about the fetal weight the obstetrician managing labour is able to pursue sound obstetric management, reducing perinatal morbidity and mortality.Symphysiofundal height is one of the important clinical parameters taken for fetal weight estimation by AG X SFH, Johnsons formula, Dawns formula.According to my study, Hadlocks ultrasonographic method was the virtually accurate for estimating fetal weight.Of the three clinical methods, AG X SFH has better predictable results than the other 2 methods.AG X SFH, a clinical formula can be of great value in a ontogenesis country like ours where ultrasound is not a vailable at many health care delivery centres.It is easy and simple, can be used even by midwives. With less errors AG X SFH is easier to apply by paramedical workers for the evaluation of fetal weight even in the rural setup as like our area of this study. By this study the results are suggesting that Hadlocks formula has least standard deviation but it requires ultrasonographic evaluation. So after it, AG X SFH is the second most formula for estimation of featl weight which is clinically applicable and most reliable method in the absence of sonologic setup.CONCLUSIONFundal height assessment is an inexpensive method for display for fetal growth restriction.1 Clinicians are biased in their fundal height measurements by knowledge of gestational age and use of a marked metre tape. This tendency increases with higher patient BMI and with less provider experience.2 While we have yet to establish reliable tests to predict which pregnancies are at risk of developing IUGR, surveillance o f fetal growth in the third trimester of pregnancy continues to be the mainstay for the assessment of fetal well-being. Such surveillance is done by unfluctuating fundal height assessment, ultrasound biometry or a combination of both methods.3 Relative growth of the SF height seems to be independent of fetal sex, maternal fleshiness and parity.4 There is disagreement in SFH measurement between observers regarding the ability to separate small fundal heights from those that are not small (Bailey 1989). This becomes an issue especially in a clinical setting where the pregnant woman sees more than one clinician during the course of her pregnancy. Despite this, SFH measurement continues to be used in many countries on a large scale simply because of its low cost, ease of use, and need for very little training.5 Ultrasound evaluation of fetal growth, behavior, and measurement of impedance to furrow flow in fetal arterial and venous vessels form the cornerstone of evaluation of fetal c ondition and decision making.6REFERENCES1).Morse K, Williams A, Gardosi J (December 2009). Fetal growth screening by fundal height measurment.2).Jelks A, Cifuentes R, Ross MG (October 2007) Clinician bias in fundal height measurement.3).Gardosi Francis 1999, Morse et al 2009. Standardised protocol for measurment of symphysio fundal height4).Bergman E, Axelsson O, Kieler H, Sonesson C, Petzold M. Relative growth for estimation of intrauterine growth retardation. . Submitted. 2010.5).Robert Peter J, Ho J, Valliapan J, Sivasangari S. Symphysial fundal measurement (SFH) in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (Protocol). The Cochrane Library. 2009(Issue 4).6).Resnik R. Intrauterine growth restriction. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 March.

How Social Policy Had An Impact On The Nhs Social Work Essay

How Social Policy Had An Impact On The Nhs Social Work EssayThis essay is a discussion of how Social Policy had an usurpation to the National wellness Service (NHS) the essay will pace the discussion in the context of some of the economic, political and complaisant concepts that influence the education of favorable indemnity in the NHS. It also discusses the impact of the social policies in relation to social exclusion, in comparison and/or poverty. While evaluating the effectiveness of these policies, it will explore the relationships among the varied agencies involved in social welfare provision.Social policy is aimed to break human welfare and meet human needs (Ken 2007 pg 1). During the 1942 Beveridge report on social security, it was recommended that a comprehensive national dish up should be developed to combat ill health after the Second World War. In 1944 proposals were brought up for the development of the NHS, legislation was passed in 1946 and in 1948 NHS started its operation after the National Health Act (1946). It provided a comprehensive service to the whole population at a relatively low cost. It was to be run nationally and mainly financed from taxation and a small token from National Insurance Fund and was substantially bump at the point of sales talk Howard (2000). All citizens had to be registered with a family doctor in order to receive give up treatment for miner illness and be referred on to infirmarys for those conditions that the General Practitioner (GP) could not treat. The NHS had popular support in the 1940s and in 1944 Henry Willink the standpat(prenominal) Minister of health, described the health proposals as representing the very root of national vigour and national enterprisethe biggest single advance ever made in this country. Webster (1988), Howard (2000 pg98).Despite its achievements and popularity since the mid-eighties, the NHS has come under increasing extort and strain from the conservative judicatures whi ch shake seen it as a burden on the economy. It has come under intensive criticism for being professionally dominated, unresponsive to consumers and internally inefficient and ineffective in the use of resources. And as a result in the 1990s the NHS and community Act come in to force and introduced changes that have been seen as the most radical since the 1946 Act that created the service. Though the NHS remained tax funded at the point of delivery, this Act recommended the basis of an internal or quasi market and the introduction of a split of the NHS budget between those who purchased the services for their population and those who provide the services. The command and control model of the NHS with the Top-down directives was replaced by a system where the topical anaesthetic purchasers negotiated contracts with the providers also emphasis was placed on introduction of audit system and better monitoring of performance. Purchasers (the districts) determined what services they wa nted and who they should be bought. This means that the concern costs were a priority for the purchasers than the quality of the services. The aim of the conservative government in introducing the markets was to drive up standards and increase accountability (Enthoven, 1985).The conservative government came into exponent in May 1979 strongly influenced by the political philosophy of the New Right government policy in general strongly promoted business and mystical enterprise and sought to discourage individuals and families from succumbing to welfare dependency. Reliance on the market (not the state), increased the competition and to a greater choice for individuals- consumer sovereignty- were the principles which underpinned a plethora of policies during the 1980s and 1990s. Individualism was lauded over collectivism Dorey (2005p.104). Thatcher applied policies of Milton Friedmans monetarism (1980) that aimed at controlling ostentation by reducing government borrowing and subsi dise industries through privatisation. This involved exchange government funded services to companies and individuals who had property to invest Jenkins, (1987). The main aim was to raise money and pay off the government debts and to improve efficiency of nationalised industries. The National Health Service was not privatised but was reorganised into parts, the medical which was dealt with by the government while the ancillary was privatised to competitive tenders from private companies (cheap bidders win). It was assumed that competition would increase efficiency, sign costs, create social justice in order for everybody to get equal treatment and discipline medical behaviour. But all this did not work place as planned. For example infirmarys were not properly cleaned leading to an increase of infections like Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus skin infection (MRSA) and Clostridium Difficile (CDF).It can be concluded that the Thatchers politically influenced policy bet ters were aiming at privatisation through the creation of market which is contrary to the foundation principles of NHS which are free at the point of delivery. This argument leads one to question whether Thatcher had prepared the NHS for these radical reforms. But also one wonders if the government had planned how the poor would access NHS services without being excluded on financial merit.King (2005) asserts that there was no immediate overhaul of the NHS in order to render it compatible with and complementary to these new values as it encouraged greater use of private health trouble while from 1983, health authorities were required to contract out domestic, catering and laundering service. In relation to poverty and inequality, it can be argued that this policy created unemployment for those who lost their jobs during the privatisation and also those who could not afford to pay for private health care they were excluded from accessing the services.However, Haus argues that Marga ret Thatcher saved the British economy by bringing both the inflation and unemployment under control and by creating a much dynamic private sector they called a third way that combines the best aspects of the socialist commitment to equality and market economy. But to her opponents, Haus says that they viewed her policies as new problems and exacerbated existing ones by widening the gap between rich and the poor and by allowing public services to degenerate (Haus 2009).Much as the privatisation policy appears controversial from Haus perspective, the element of controlling inflation and saving the British economy from the 1980s depreciation implies that there were economic drivers that influenced Margaret Thatcher to reform the policies. This argument is supported by Alcock. He states that social policy development is also closely dependent upon the economic structure of the clubhouse and upon the economic outgrowth within it (Alcocks 2008 p.198).One of the new crunchs main obje ctives when elected in 1997 was to make significant improvement in the NHS and in line with that the NHS was to be rebuilt. The government personate forward its plans in a White paper. (The new NHS Morden dependable Department of Health 1997).Following the publication of the white paper on the NHS in 1997 and a various other consultation document, wide ranging health reforms were discussed which led to the Heath Act 1999.This Act brought key changes in the NHS. The internal markets which were introduced by the Thatcher government in the 1990s were replaced by a new policy which encouraged co-operation and partnership between health services and between the NHS social services and other care providers.In 2001 primary care groups were established in every area of England with the aim of running the health services. The primary care groups were formed by topical anesthetic groups of doctors and nurses, theses organisations were to oversee the delivery of primary health care to the t opical anesthetic community through family doctors. They also directed resources available to the NHS trust and other health service organisation (Blackmoore, 2003).The health Act 1999 together with the health Act 2001 led to the introduction of the Primary Care Trusts which were meant to run health and social service jointly. gibe to Downey ( 2001 p 34) the health and social Act of 2001 led to a radical shake up of the social service never seen in three decades. The Labour government under Tony Blair made significant changes to the doctors contracts due to economic factors, mainly limitations of the capitation system in GP funding. Instead it introduced what was termed as modern contracts for GPs and hospital doctors. The contracts were to be quality based and doctors were paid on condition upon reaching certain performance targets. GPs were required to meet specified improvements in preventative care as well as quality of their services to patients. The General Practitioners (GP s) were budgeted and were expected to work within those budgets to meet the needs of their patients. They were rewarded if they managed to work within their budgets and given additional money for running health promotional clinics. They were to shop around for the cheapest provider for their patients. However as they were reluctant to accept patients who would drain on their budgets thus care for the throng who needed it most in most cases suffer. Shaun et al (2001).Inspection of the health service was introduced together with the central regulation. This meant that the health care standards and health service delivery were to be monitored by an organisation known as the national institute for clinical excellence. This body was to decide which drugs and new treatments are to be available to patients free on the NHS.In line with the above, another regulatory body was set up. It was known as the Commission for Health Improvement (CHI). This body was to inspect the standards of hospit al and primary care. In fact this body was meant to act as Ofsted in providing confederation tables of schools and colleges but for CHI it created hospital performance league tables by publishing patients survival rates after various hospitals and operations.In contrast however, the publication of league tables with ranking of performance, create negative impact to the primary care trusts and hospital located at the bottom of the table that they provide worst services. It also creates negative impact on the public trust and professional moral because module may be demoralised in reaching its maximum potential for better services if their hospital is considered to be under performing. Again the use of league tables do not really reflect the quality of hospital treatment, because they include a small number of key clinical areas and doubt go into fact around the process of care. What they really show is the effectiveness of trusts management team rather than standard of clinical care. More so, even if patients are aware of their local hospital performance, they have no choice about where to get better treatment because hospital referrals are decided by GPs.In 1997, the labour government under Blair recommended a welfare review. However, there was no attempt to reverse the changes made by Thatcher and accepted that there can be no turn back to the Golden Age. The main welfare provision that Labour introduced is called WELFARE TO WORK, A NEW DEAL. It was aimed at helping groups especially young, lone parents and long-term unemployed who desire on benefits, to find work and support themselves. Labours approach was to find a third way between the Golden Age welfare state and the conservative changes. The government introduced a minimum wage to make-work more attractive than claiming benefits. The Blair government did a lot to improve the NHS and in 2002 Blair staked the future of his government to improve the NHS.The distribution of wealth in Britain saw a nu mber of arguments, which were about equality, and the impact of welfare state on various sectors in society.Capitalist do not fund welfare systems as the workers pay for it through direct taxation they pay for their own health. Poor people carry far more of the tax burden in real terms than the wealthy because the cost of the indirect tax such as VAT on items such as beer and cigarettes take a large portion of their income (Shaun et al, 2000) the wealthy benefits more the welfare state than do the poor such as tax relief on mortgages.Socialist. The socialists argue that the welfare of individuals is the responsibility of the state. They argue for redistribution of income through taxation so that the rich can fund the welfare of the poor. They wish to change the structure of the society to benefit the poor and bridge the gap between rich and poor. The socialists argue in favour of universal access to welfare and are opposed to targeting benefit.Liberals. They argue that welfare is ne eded to support capitalism and to support the poor. Writers such as Anthony Giddens, suggest that the state cannot leave some of the problems to market forces to solve because these problems are too big or too complicated .The liberals sort out problems as they arise without either looking for them or allowing any rigidly held views influencing common moxie views of the events.In conclusion welfare state developed due to a number of factors contributing poverty, sickness, high levels of unemployment after the Second World War. The recommendations of the Beveridge report about the five evil giants influenced the government to introduce the welfare state and to the subsequent changes to the NHS.

Tourism And Economic Growth Of Sri Lanka Tourism Essay

touring carry And Economic Growth Of Sri Lanka Tourism Essay1. Tourism is a good business in modern world to attract foreign currencies and it gives a large number of occupations to the people. Modern holidaymaker manufacture develops with various necessary or purposes of touring cars like pleasance, business, didactics requirement, research and whatsoever some more opposite call in foreign countries during their vacations or winter seasons of their native countries. Because they expect to lop their expenses and difficulties due to seasonal changes.2. Thailand, Brazil, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Maldives and Indonesia be the nearly famous tourist destinations in modern world. Sri Lanka is also a world famous tourist destination and cognise as a Paradise Island in the world. Country size, geographical re in the altogethering, climatic condition, heathenish and heritage sites, inherent environment and tourists expenses are the key events to attract tourists to the c ountry.3. precisely this paradise Island suffered with a thirty categorys conflict situation and during that time tourist industry collapsed. touring cars rejected this Island with conflict environment because there sop up been m any(prenominal) explosions in Colombo and suburban areas. As head near states labeled this country as non touristry destination for safer visits. As a result most tourists were attracted to other destinations like Fuket Island, Maldives and Thailand.4. Tourist industry of Sri Lanka regenerated after the end of crisis environment of the country and started a new economic tuition chopineme since 2009. Giant stem resources invested to boost the rescue of the country. This miracle was started after the dawn down the stairs sustainable peace and political environment of the country. Foreign money is very fundamental for these developments because economy development highly expects to attract foreign currencies under many shipway like Foreign Direct investments, Aid, foreign occupations, touristry and loan facilities.5. Sri Lanka is expecting to develop this country as a major tourist destination in Asia. Sri Lanka has various opportunities to achieve that goal like pleasure touristry, eco touristry, cultural and heritage sites, religious base touristry, business, education and facilitator as a centre of international tape driveations. But tourism heavens need wide range resources and facilities to develop that as the briny economic welkin contributor. Present infrastructure development programme concerns to develop tourist sphere of influence requirements like international standard roads, hotels, urban areas, aviation and harbor sector developments.6. worldwide tourism is a hulk business because it consists with large number of service and requirements. Tourists visit to take new experiences and pleasure from their visits. They do not expect building complex legal procedures and restrictions from their destination places. In contrast tourist industry gains some capacious troubles to host country as knowledgeablely transmitted diseases, illegal drugs and societal challenges. Therefore Sri Lanka needs to concern balance economic development through tourism in the future.AIM7. The aim of this paper is to discuss the development of tourism industry and its contribution to develop the economy of Sri Lanka.IMPORTANCE AS A TOURIST DESTINATION8. Tourist destination needs stronger opportunities to attract tourism intimately because tourists expect different environments than their home or states. Natural splendour, scenic beauty, tropical climatic condition and historical sites make upd the value of this island to tourists in all oer the world. Also they ordure travel from different climatic conditions within 3 to 4 hours travel from any part of the country with the geographical size of the island. These factors are gaining additional value to their tours and to Sri Lanka to improvise tourism a nd countrys development.NATURAL value OF SRI LANKA9. Sri Lanka is a humid tropical island lying in the South Asian vicinity to southwesterly of the Indian peninsula in the Indian Ocean. When considering the geography and topography of the island three height take aims or erosion levels are recognized by their height and slope features. The first level is the largest of the three and extends from sea level to 270m above mean sea level. The Uplands or the second level extends from 270m to 900m above mean sea level and the Highlands or tierce level at 900 to 2420m. These height levels illustrated very valuable scenic beauty and climatic difference to the country. Most tourists attract this variation and they enjoying with these value during their visits.10. The island has also been change integrity into four climatic zones based on rainfall. The Dry zone occupies less 60 per cent of the total land area of the country. Its annual rainfall is amid 1250-1900 mm and its mean annual t emperature ranges 27 to 30C. It is characterized by monsoon forests and thorn scrublands. The Wet zone which covers approximately 23 per cent of the total land area, receives a rainfall of 2500-5000 mm per year. It consists of lowland evergreen forests, montane rain forests and semi evergreen rain forests.11. The transition zone between the above two zones is cognise as the Intermediate zone where the annual rainfall varies between 1900-2500 mm. The two semi-arid zones in the South-east and North-west receive less than 1250 mm of rainfall per year. climatical difference made wider environmental difference in the country. Therefore tourists can visit various pictorial environments with high variation of biodiversities.12. Another most important natural value for tourism industry development is land portion of Sri Lanka because our motherland is small in size with only 65,610 square kilometers of land. Its significant variation in climate, topography and soil straitlacedties has g iven rise to a striking variety of forest types. It provide habitats for a wide diversity of faunal and floral species. In fact Sri Lanka is one of the eight Hottest Hotspots out of the 25 Biodiversity Hotspots of international significance and is ranked among the highest in Asia in terms of biodiversity per unit area. Tourist can visit through these environments because Sri Lanka provides enough facilities to watch sanctuaries, wildlife parks and forest reservoir areas after taking appropriate permissions to visits. This is a big experience for tourists because they can take most natural experiences from this tiny island.13. Fifteen floristic regions have been recognized within the country and these diverse habitats have given rise to a corresponding wide range of natural vegetations including forests like Tropical wet evergreen forests, Tropical moist semi-evergreen forests, Tropical dry mixed evergreen forests, Tropical thorn forests, Savannahs, Riverine forests, Tropical lower meitnerium forests and Tropical Montana or cloud forests, grasslands, Dry Montana grasslands, Lowland grasslands, Wet villu grasslands, inland wetlands and coastal and marine habitats. Such natural values rear the value of the country and this island world famous as one of the natural treasure of the world.HERITAGE VALUES14. Sri Lanka is a rich country with heritage values with over 2500 years modern history and millions of years pre historic era. Most cultural and heritage values developed in the country with the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism. Sri Lanka consisted with big treasure of heritage sites and ancient constructions like Load Buddhas statues, stupas, tanks, other statues, wall paintings, cave paintings, stone carvings and religious places. Sri Lanka provides facilities to visit these heritage sites and tourists can take arouse experiences from these tours.15. Tourists can visit ancient kingdoms like Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Dambadeniya, Yapahuwa, Sigiriya and Kandy . As well Sri Lanka has number of colonial era constructions and architecture in various places and they can also escort indigenous groups and their life styles if they travel to Dambana areas. Sri Pada or Adams peak, Anuradhapura Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi and Temple of Tooth relic are most important religious places of Sri Lanka and tourists can visits all these places with their interests.CULTURAL AND TRADITIONAL VALUES16. Sri Lanka is a multi ethnic country and world most popular religious groups are living in the country. Therefore they can take experiences about the cultural and traditional differences of these communities. They can take experiences about customary food of Sri Lankans like rice and curry, hoppers, milk rice, roti, string hoppers, pittu, and kottu. They can take these experiences much easily because most local restaurants, hotels and smaller hotels provide wide range food for everyone. Furthermore tourist can sully any other cuisine from most tourist restaurants and hotels with their interests.17. Sri Lankans celebrate various religious and cultural festivals throughout the year then tourists can take these experiences with seasonal celebrations like Sinhala and tamil new year, Wesak, posson and Esala festival, Christmas and new year celebrations when they visit to Sri Lanka. Esala procession and various other processions can be seen in Sri Lanka and it gains good experience for tourists because they can watch these cultural and traditional events without any payments.OTHER ENTERTAINMENTS18. Visit to Sri Lanka provide various entertainment opportunities to tourists. They can enjoy their holidays with various attractive things like beach parties, club parties, music, bright sunshine, sea cleanse and Ayurvedic treatments. Furthermore they can visit to watch whales, corals, diving events, boat trips, elephant orphanage, zoological and botanical garden. Tourist can visit to local shopping and they have opportunities to buy various attractive thi ngs like gems, handicrafts, dresses, duty free equipments and most local market items like fresh fruits, meats, fish, instant food and packet items.TOURIST exploitation PROGRAMMES ANDEFFECTIVENESS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH19. Tourism industry is still developing after crisis environment. But large number of tourists attracted to this country after the crisis environment in 2009. Therefore tourist industry is boosted again with high potential in income ways and infrastructure development ways. Tourism sector development helped to develop countrys economy and economic development rate and it represents as a major foreign currency earning way of the country.a. Earn Foreign Money. Tourism sector directly helps to liquefy foreign money into the country. Tourism industry is a giant foreign income way because we can earn foreign money through providing tourist sector services to the guests and sale other type of goods and services to them. Sri Lanka earned over 213 million US dollars in 2001 fr om direct tourist sector services and it increase as 350 million US dollars in 2009 and 575 million US dollars income in 2010 and 645 million US dollars income in 2011.b. Develop Local Business and Tourist welkin Facilities. Tourist sector facilities also developed after the war. Large number of hotels and restaurants were closed and others depended with very low incomes during past two decades. Sri Lankan tourist sector survived in 2001 with 414 accommodations places included with 13,626 room facilities. This environment increased up to 783 accommodations with 14,714 rooms in 2010. This development helped to boost countrys economy as well we could provide food, spa services and other essential facilities to tourists through this industry and developed all these sectors during past few years.c. Attract Foreign Direct Investments. From the end of 2008 Sri Lankan economy displayed some unconditional attitudes again after few years. The FDIs inflow to the country in 2010 reveals that about 59 per centum came into infrastructure development projects, manufacturing sector attracted 30.9 percent, service sector attracted 8.6 percent included with 2.7 for tourist sector and agriculture sector attracted 1.3 percent. China invest a large amount of financial in Sri Lankan land in tourism sector and Sri Lanka expects US dollor1.5 billion foreign direct investments through its first tourist city project.d. New Job Opportunities. Tourist industry consisted of wider job opportunities to Sri Lanka as direct and indirect job opportunities. This sector includes hotel field job opportunities, spa and saloon, guide and field services and transport sector job opportunities. Employment in tourist industry is represented 80,904 persons in 2001 and it increased up to 134,250 in 2011.Category200120102011Accommodations for Tourist414783824Employment of tourist Industry80 904132 055134 250Gross Tourist receipts (US dollars Million)213575645Annual room occupation rate (per cent)42.17 0.171.8Table 1 Tourism sector development 2001 to 2011.Source Annual report 2011, Central depository financial institution of Sri Lanka.TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AT PRESENT20. Tourist industry has re-emerged after two decades under peaceful environment. Now most countries have removed their barriers for their citizens to visit Sri Lanka and they accept the present environment in Sri Lanka as an ideal country for tourism. Most tourist sector magazines and websites guaranteed our security environment and tourist sector services. As a result 654,476 tourists visited Sri Lanka during the year 2010 and it increased up to 855,975 arrivers in 2011. The tourist arrival has increased by 30.8 percent in 2011 than year 2010.21. Nearly 85,874 tourists have visited in January 2012 and this trend continued until April 2012. Large numbers of tourists have arrived to Sri Lanka from European nations. They have been elected this country for their seasonal vacations after a very recollective time. Most o f them highly appreciate about our hospitality, accommodations, our charges and new innovations in the industry. Sri Lanka could earn 830.3 million US dollar income through tourism industry in year 2012 and expect to increase tourist arrivals up to 1 million in this year.22. Around 78.9 per cent of tourists arrived Sri Lanka to fall out their holidays and most of them represent the middle income earners. Therefore, they spend light for additional purposes than their major purposes. Nearly 12.7 per cent visited Sri Lanka for business requirements and 5.4 per cent visited to met their relations and pals. Most tourists visit Sri Lanka to take more opportunities in visiting sites and engage in entertainments under effective budget. They have been attracted by our Ayurvedic treatments and spa services because they have to pay large amount in their countries for such services.Item2001200520102011Tourist arrival for pleasure300,545382,321516,538Tourist arrival for business22, 67792,87983 ,270Tourist arrivals for other13,57274,10854,668Total Tourist arrivals336,794549,308654,476855,975Table2 Tourist arrivals to Sri Lanka from 2001-2011.Source Annual report 2011, Central Bank of Sri Lanka. politics EFFORT23. Sri Lankan political sympathies has identified the requirements of tourist sector developments and has given priority to develop this country as a tourist destination. Under this programme the government has provided various facilities to tourists, tourist sector entrepreneurs and employees. Government has given much stronger support to these programme because it can use as major income of the country.a. Government has arranged giant hotel development programmes and attracted world largest hotel sector entrepreneurs to the country.b. Introduced new tourist destinations like Nilaweli, Arugam bay, Mirissa and reopened Kumana and other sanctuaries to tourists.c. Conducted international level promotion campaign to give publicity about Sri Lanka. This program conduct ed through diplomatic relationships. This programme was named as Visit Sri Lanka.d. Government has launched urban development programmes to construct major cities of the country to promote tourism. These projects enhance the infrastructure facilities, tourist information premises, standard accommodations, leisure areas and important places of the each region.24. Sri Lanka Tourist Board and Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority are operating under the authority of Ministry of Tourism and these organizations helped to develop tourism in the country. The Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority was formed under Section 2 of the Tourism ACT. SLTDA has provided several facilities to develop tourism in Sri Lanka. Ministry of tourism organized programmes to protect tourist industry and national values of the country witha. All tourist sector services registered under the Tourist circuit board and arranged limitations and standardization methods to enhance accommodations, restaurant, tra nsportation and tourist guide facilities of the country.b. Manage and maintain tourist development programmes with the support of ministry of cultural and heritage.c. Banned illegal drugs, whoredoms and some alcohols in the environment of tourism industry. Sri Lanka police provide essential service and support to this program. Sri Lanka police has established special police unit to handle tourism related cases of the country.d. Tourist Board and Municipal Councils maintain Tourist information centers in all major cities of the island.25. Sri Lanka expects to enhance tourism industry as the main contributor of our economy. Therefore we expect to attract 2.5 million tourists in 2016 and it will use to develop the economy of the country. Most infrastructures development projects help to enhance tourism sector of the country. Today our road network upgraded as international levels and local aviation systems also started to provide good service to tourists. Sri Lanka Air force and polit e aviation authority provide good service to boost this programme.CHALLENGES AND THREATS FOR FUTURE TOURISM26. Tourist industry of the country is developing with a rapid process rate at present. Most accommodation and restaurant facilities comprehensively renewed to enhance tourism of the country. But we have been faced several issues in this sector with higher tourists arrivals. Comfortable accommodations and tourist board approved restaurants are not enough to handle the capacity of tourist sector. Number of new hotels and motels are constructing in everywhere of the country but we cant reach the goal in 2016 without expedited programmes in this sector. Our economic development goals are illustrated through these objectives, therefore we should be inevitable to catch these goals in pose time.27. New tourist destinations need more accommodations, sanitations and restaurant facilities. Accommodations and restaurant facilities are very poor in northern region and new constructions are going under way. Therefore foreigners still do not visit to these areas. Sri Lanka is a maritime nation and most tourists like to spend in beach areas but our lifeguard services are not enough to provide good security to tourists who use our beaches and sea areas. As well Sri Lanka has beautiful inland water reservoirs but these resources cannot be used by anyone under lack of trainee personalities around those areas.28. Prostitution and drug usage are other key issues in Sri Lanka. As well some tourists find sexual pleasure during their tours therefore these businesses are secretly arranged in Sri Lankan environment. Gay sexual participation is higher than female prostitutions because this method can be used without major puzzles under present legal process. Over 40,000 prostitutes and around 150,000 secrete prostitution members engage in this business.29. Tourism industry is wide spread in most countries and numbers of regional countries provide remarkable facilities to fore igners. Thailand, Maldives, Singapore, Vietnam and India are key competitors in this region and they provide prostitution services to tourists and they have given relatively low cost packages to visitors. But we have faced big issues in this depend because Sri Lankan law enforcement, social environment, religious environment and health environment do not allow for prostitution in this country. Especially HIV infection is widely spread with prostitution, therefore this matter is a big challenge to the Sri Lankan environment. Sexual transmitted diseases and gambling have wide spreaded in tourist destinations and it will dilate with new tourist destinations too.30. Large number of persons engage to this massive business as Tourist guides or transport agents. But most of them engage in this giant industry without any professional qualification and it affected to gain many adverse results to Sri Lanka. This industry need professional persons in many palm like multiple language users, professional chefs, waiters, tourist lecturers and musicians to develop tourism in Sri Lanka. We can earn additional income through our cultural events and Ayurvedic treatments but the problem is most of these sector professionals are very rare in modern environment.SUMMARY31. Sri Lanka is a great tourism destination and it is popular among Europeans since 12 Century. This industry developed in this country with three key factors like Sri Lanka is an authentic tourist destination, the country is a compact Island of 65610km and biodiversity and heritage spread is in a very widen range than other countries. As well this country is situated in a key position in international naval trade route and it can use to develop tourism industry.32. Sri Lankan people, culture, spices food, gems, handcrafts, festival features, religious environments and adventure events increase the value for real tourism sector development. Sri Lanka is a key maritime nation and now we need to develop this count ry as economically developed country. Therefore we need to find commensurate income ways and tourism industry is very important for that. Tourists highly interest to visit this island therefore we need to provide essential facilities and effective packages to enhance tourism industry.33. onetime(prenominal) dark years conflict environment adversely affected to tourism industry and it vigorously affected to decline economic development of the country. Sri Lanka survived with agriculture corps since ancient history but now we need to develop with much stronger economic strategies. Therefore Sri Lanka needs to enhance tourism sector development with proper government mediations.34. Over 800,000 tourist visited this country in 2011 and it continued in first quarter of 2012. In 2011 Sri Lanka earned 830.3 million US dollars through tourism and government expect to increase up to 1 million tourists visits in 2012. With the current accommodation facilities we can manage this target and n ow we need suitable expedited programmes to enhance tourist industry infrastructure developments in next two or three years.RECOMMANDATIONS35. Government should be needed to mediate to solve tourism sector issues, especially in Sri Lanka tourism sector need large number of professionals in each fields. Therefore government should be needed to weapon training and development programmes or standardization method to categories tourism sector employees as standard level.36. Tourist Board can implement training programmes for tourist guides who work as beach boys or guides at present. This programme should be included registration system and need to issue standard identity carte for them. This process is helping to increase talented job opportunities and it is effective to enhance the economy of the country.37. Sri Lanka expects to earn foreign currencies through tourism therefore we need to standardise tourism sector price ranges and service values because tourists expect effective s ervice during their visits.a. We can introduce proper billing method for accommodations. Under this we can implement suitable range of prices for each hotel classes.b. We can introduce proper local taxi services and tourist transport process to enhance countrys transport facilities for tourists.c. Ayurvedi spa services and medical facilities should be need to categories with proper ways.38. Sri Lanka need 40,000 to 50,000 accommodation facilities to enhance tourism in next few years. Therefore government should be needed to provide additional facilities to attract new local and foreign investment to his sector.39. Harbor and airport development programmes directly support to enhance our economy but we can earn additional foreign income with the development of tourism industry. Most international mariners and aviation industry professionals need accommodation facilities during their journeys therefore we can develop new tourism environment among these people.40. Sri Lanka needs new l aw enforcement to develop tourism industry because most tourists visit this country for pleasure or joining with various entertaining events. We should be needed to provide some essential services like gambling and some alcohols to tourist under new formations.41. Sri Lanka has a beautiful natural environment therefore we can market this resources through eco tourism development. Most foreigners are interested in expense their leisure with the natural environment.42. Ayurvedic medicines and treatments are very important to enhance tourist attraction. Therefore we should be needed to introduce proper framework to provide correct ayurvedic treatments to tourists.B M A N V GUNATHILAKA CRLieutenantStudent Officer

Water Crisis in Peru :: essays research papers

In December of 1915 a huge step for the rights of Peasants in Peru was taken. Juan Pevez was born in Ica, Peru and in 1915 he lead an uprising against the Picasso family who ran the that Pevez worked on. In Water, an excerpt from Pevezs autobiography, a dispute over rights to urine is described and how the peasants overcame . Southern Peru does not see oftentimes rain during the course of study, so when it does come it is an extremely valued commodity. In December 1915 a very unusual thing happened. The water came much earlier that year and to the peasants surprise it went unnoticed by the estate owners. In that time the estate owners unlawfully kept the water from the peasants until their own fields were irrigated. The water came that year in the middle of the night so the estate owners were clueless. Unaware that they had the same rights to the water as the estate owners, the farmers were reluctant to open up the Sluice render that allowed the water to enter their own small ca nals to irrigate their land. Juan Pevez, who was enrolled in the School of Agronomy informed the farmers that legally they had a right to the water. Trusting Pevez, they all opened their gates to irrigate their fields unbeknownst to the landowners. Soon, morning came and the stolen water was noticed and a brawl broke out between the serfs and the estate owners. After being low-toned up the peasants formed a delegation to make a plea to the Technical Commission to state their concern about the unfair distribution of water. The music director of the commission, Ezequiel Gago, heard both sides argument. In December 1915 history was made when Gago ruled in favor of the Peasants. That was the first time in the history of the valley that a group of peasants won a case against a powerful landowner like Picasso. The account of this event is very important for many reasons. First, as I stated before, this was an historical event for the peasant community in Peru as well as the rest of Sout h America. The event that Juan Pevez lead was a bound event in the history of not only peasants but everyone in South America. It was the beginning of a movement of sorts toward a freer nation. That event had a persistent effect. The delegation that was formed to protest the Water withholding grew and grew and now is still in effect today under the name of the Peruvian Peasant Federation.