Free Essays - More than Atoms :: Personal Narrative Essays

More than Atoms   Thats why we write. Thats why we sing. Thats why we dance. Thats why we paint. Thats why we pray. Because we are upright a group of atoms. Because we want something much. We want to create something more. There has to be something more.   Watch psyche pray sometime. I mean really pray. See someone with glassy eyes and parted lips clasp their hands and silently ask of their beliefs why? If you are truly my progeny, it will drive any prejudice the adult male may have given you from your heart. What you will see in that prayer filled face is humanity in its most vulnerable state. We pray because we need something to turn to, something to believe in. We need an all mighty truth that has the power to soothe our fears. Why? Because we are hydrophobic of being on our own, we are afraid of not being saved from all the pain and suffering in this world. We are afraid that all we do, we do in vain. We want arms into which we may retreat after death. We want an explanation for our lives. And so we pray to our God, and others pray to theirs, and some call it enlightenment or nirvana, or it. But we do it for the identical reason, to nurse the same weakness. When you see religious prejudice, or any type of prejudice for that matter, know that that bigotry has no real foundation. No one knows more than anyone else. There is no proof. There is no answer key. Everyone has different beliefs, but we all have the same frailties. See that when you see someone pray, and have compassion. know compassion for the world, the world that has condemned itself to anger and hatred.   And try to rise above tolerance. Tolerance may be a virtue, but it is a condescending one. It says, I do not accept you or like you or believe in anything you do, but Ill put up with you and be civil because I think that I am the bigger person.

Outsourcing Essay -- Economics Economy Consumerism Essays

OutsourcingOutsourcing has become a very popular issue, and it has reached an all-time climax. Firms are kickoff to do this a lot more than than in the previous decade. What is outsourcing? Outsourcing is defined as The procuring of services or products, such as the parts used in manufacturing a motor vehicle, from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs. And it has become a big issue in our country. in that respect are thousands of articles and books written on it, and you can att ending numerous classes and speeches on the subject. The use of outsourcing is quite simple really Either pay an the Statesn proletarian $15 an hour, or pay someone in India to do the same job for $2 an hour. There are lots of other advantages and disadvantages to outsourcing but I will address those later in the essay. So what does an average American really know about outsourcing? Most people would say direct our jobs to another(prenominal) country in order to save money isnt justi fied. It would cost a lot of people jobs, which would send them into distress and possibly debt. But thats not the whole story behind outsourcing. People hear about outsourcing and automatically decide that it is bad for our economy. What about the good things that outsourcing brings to our economy? We are sending jobs to India, their consumers will start making more money, and in return buy more of our goods and services. In this essay I will show you both points of the indicate and you can decide for yourself whether or not outsourcing is bad for our country. A firms primary objectives are cutting un-necessary costs, reducing overhead, and cutting labor costs. America has one of the highest GDPs, with the minimum wage law in the US being $5.15 an hour. Most people woul... ...l comes down to the American consumer, and how they view the topic. In the end the choice is yours. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Pew Research Center/Council on Foreign Relations survey conducted by Princeton Su rvey Research Associates International. July 8-18, 2004. N=1,003 adults nationwide. MoE 3.5. Available at http//www.pollingreport.com/trade.htm2. network Computing online, Online article, available at http//www.nwc.com/shared/article/printFullArticle.jhtml?articleID=1152019003. TechWeb online, IT salaries are Rising, online article, available at http//www.techweb.com/wire/story/TWB20030402S00024. Information Week, IT salaries Show Upward Trend, Outsourcing tall, TechWeb article written by W. David Gardner, available at http//www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=50500043

General Motors/UAW :: essays research papers

GM/UAW What Can We Expect?In the past, General Motors (GM) has been the top seller of the three major automakers and had one of the strongest unions in the United States. Today, GM is decreasing in rank due to other automakers. The moral among the members of the United Auto Workers (UAW) is diminishing. If things continue on this current path, GM may be of the pass. level with all the discounts GM is advertising, this may not be enough to pull them out of their financial burden. Could the answers to GM worries be the UAW?The UAW was organized in the late 1930s. The procedure of the organization was to protect the workers rights. GM was not in agreement with the workers forming a union. After much debate, the workers staged a sit down strike that lasted slightly six weeks. This tremendously affected GMs profits and they decided to give recognition to the UAW as having the right to represent workers who ar union members.The UAW and GM are both strong organizations in their own rig hts. They must put aside their past disagreements and come together to help GM out of this financial situation. GM has jeopardize to make cuts on their own, causing breakdown in the relationship with the union. UAW is willing to make concessions, but not to the extent of what GM is demanding. UAW needs to open a contract talk before 2007, in order for GM to survive. Without a GM there will be no UAW, and UAW needs to remember that.GM and UAW seem to be playing a dangerous game that can destroy many peoples lively hood. GM is hurting financially and instead of asking for help from the UAW, GM prefer to threaten them about health care costs. GM chairman, G. Richard Wagoner Jr., said recently that he prefers to meet with the UAW on health care issues rather than a fight. Mr. Wagoner stated that he would press the issues for health care cost cuts with or without the unions approval. It is crystal clear that we need to achieve a significant reduction in the health care cost disadvantag e and it needs to be through now (Welch, 2005).GM is seeking to slash health care cost and the stakes are massive. Billion in potential savings for GM if their demands are met, but if not GM will have lost billions if the UAW strikes.

A Traveler Is Resolute And Independent :: essays research papers

Tenets of Wordsworth in Resolution and IndependenceRomanticism decreedly began in 1798, when William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge anonymously published melodious Ballads. This work marked the official beginning of a literary effect which had already begun many years before 1798. A work is defined to be of a certain period by its characteristics, therefore to be considered a Romantic work, the work must contain aspects which are termed Romantic. A few distinctive Romantic aspects are sexual love of the past sympathy to the childs mind faith in the inner goodness of man aspects of nature having religious, mystic, and emblematic significance and reconciliation of contrast ideas to make a point. Wordsworth flourished in these ideas in a poem called Independence and Resolution. In this poem Wordsworth shows the reader what he thinks his sustenance is like and what he wants it to be like.In its essence, Resolution and Independence is an open book to what Wordsworth feels his life is like. It is about the past, present, and future Wordsworth. Wordsworth feels that his life is like a traveler on the moorlands (15). He feels that in the past he has always been like a small boy, who never heard or saw the beauties of nature (18). As a child, Wordsworth never dumb life, because he never looked to nature for inspiration or guidance. Presently, Wordsworth feels he that he is a happy Child of earth, because he walks utmost from the world. . . far from all grapple (31, 33). He begins a search to find a way to live in harmony with himself, God, and nature. During his search, he finds an old man, the leech-gatherer, who is unmatchable with himself, God, and nature. Upon seeing this man, Wordsworth is immediately astonied by the mien of this old man. Wordsworth admires this mans insight on life, that Wordsworth decides that he wants to become the same way. Thus, in Wordsworths search for his place in eternity in nature, he finds an example that he wants to duplicate.Resolution and Independence includes many tenets of Romanticism including a love of the past. Wordsworth loves the violent storm of the previous night and the rain-drops on the moors that it leaves behind (10). Wordsworth loves the old man, because the old man has so much knowledge from his past experiences. The poet enjoys reminiscing on past experiencesI was a Traveler then upon the moorA Traveler Is Resolute And Independent essays research papers Tenets of Wordsworth in Resolution and IndependenceRomanticism officially began in 1798, when William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge anonymously published Lyrical Ballads. This work marked the official beginning of a literary period which had already begun many years before 1798. A work is defined to be of a certain period by its characteristics, therefore to be considered a Romantic work, the work must contain aspects which are termed Romantic. A few typical Romantic aspects are love of the past sympathy to the ch ilds mind faith in the inner goodness of man aspects of nature having religious, mystic, and symbolic significance and reconciliation of contrasting ideas to make a point. Wordsworth flourished in these ideas in a poem called Independence and Resolution. In this poem Wordsworth shows the reader what he thinks his life is like and what he wants it to be like.In its essence, Resolution and Independence is an open book to what Wordsworth feels his life is like. It is about the past, present, and future Wordsworth. Wordsworth feels that his life is like a traveler on the moors (15). He feels that in the past he has always been like a small boy, who never heard or saw the beauties of nature (18). As a child, Wordsworth never understood life, because he never looked to nature for inspiration or guidance. Presently, Wordsworth feels he that he is a happy Child of earth, because he walks far from the world. . . far from all care (31, 33). He begins a search to find a way to live in harmony with himself, God, and nature. During his search, he finds an old man, the leech-gatherer, who is one with himself, God, and nature. Upon seeing this man, Wordsworth is immediately amazed by the mien of this old man. Wordsworth admires this mans insight on life, that Wordsworth decides that he wants to become the same way. Thus, in Wordsworths search for his place in eternity in nature, he finds an example that he wants to duplicate.Resolution and Independence includes many tenets of Romanticism including a love of the past. Wordsworth loves the storm of the previous night and the rain-drops on the moors that it leaves behind (10). Wordsworth loves the old man, because the old man has so much knowledge from his past experiences. The poet enjoys reminiscing on past experiencesI was a Traveler then upon the moor

The Yellow Wall Paper :: Literary Analysis, Gilman, Abcarian, Klotz

The Yellow Wall PaperThe Yellow Wall Paper is the story about a journey of a cleaning lady who is suffering from a nervous breakdown, descending into madness through her rest cure treatment. Basically, the woman is not allowed to read, write or to see her new-born baby. Charlotte Perkins Gilman captures the essence of this journey into madness by using the first person narration. The story plots is by taking the reader through the horrors of one womans neurosis to trade name strong statements about the oppression faced by women in their marriage roles. The narrators mental limit is characterized by her meeting with the wallpaper in her room. In addition to the storys plot, the use of symbolism and irony throughout her story also show how males dominate during her time.From Literature The Human intimacy written by Abcarian and Klotz, Irony is figurative language in which the intended meaning differs from the literal meaning (1615). There is more than one level of irony at work in t his story. Dramatic irony occurs when a reader or audience know things a character does not and, consequently, sees things differently (Abcarian & Klotz 1615). Gilman uses spectacular irony when the narrator states, Im feeling so much better (Gilman 1005) as if the narrator believe that she is normal, but when she states I think that woman gets out in the daytime And Ill tell you why-privately- Ive seen her (Gilman 1006), the reader knows that she is actually going in sane. It is dramatic irony because the readers intellect of the narrators speeches is different markedly from the narrators. Through this dramatic irony, Gilman has let the reader knows how complete seclusion can only add to the lonesomeness and push people to the verge of insanity. The order of rest cure treatment may symbolize her husbands love towards her, but ironically it makes her condition worse. This plot symbolizes how women were oppressed and dominated by their husbands and they had no place for self expres sion.When the narrator states, I can see her out of my windows I see her in that long shaded lane, creeping up and down. I see her in those dark grape arbors, creeping all around the garden (Gilman 1006). The reader knows there is no actual woman trapped behind the wallpaper in fact this is a hallucination that seems to be caused by forced isolation as department of her treatment.

The Yellow Wall Paper :: Literary Analysis, Gilman, Abcarian, Klotz

The Yellow Wall PaperThe Yellow Wall Paper is the baloney intimately a journey of a woman who is suffering from a nervous breakdown, descending into madness through her rest cure treatment. Basically, the woman is not allowed to read, preserve or to see her new-born baby. Charlotte Perkins Gilman captures the essence of this journey into madness by using the first person narration. The story plots is by taking the lector through the horrors of one womans neurosis to make strong statements about the oppression faced by women in their marriage roles. The narrators mental condition is characterized by her meeting with the wallpaper in her room. In addition to the storys plot, the use of symbolism and irony throughout her story also show how males dominate during her time.From Literature The Human Experience written by Abcarian and Klotz, Irony is figurative language in which the intended meaning differs from the real(a) meaning (1615). There is more than one level of irony at work in this story. Dramatic irony occurs when a referee or reference know things a character does not and, consequently, sees things differently (Abcarian & Klotz 1615). Gilman uses dramatic irony when the narrator states, Im feeling so much better (Gilman 1005) as if the narrator believe that she is normal, but when she states I think that woman gets out in the daytime And Ill tell you why-privately- Ive seen her (Gilman 1006), the reader knows that she is actually button in sane. It is dramatic irony because the readers understanding of the narrators speeches is different markedly from the narrators. Through this dramatic irony, Gilman has let the reader knows how complete seclusion can only add to the desolation and push people to the verge of insanity. The order of rest cure treatment may typify her husbands love towards her, but ironically it makes her condition worse. This plot symbolizes how women were oppressed and dominated by their husbands and they had no place for self e xpression.When the narrator states, I can see her out of my windows I see her in that long shaded lane, crawl up and down. I see her in those dark grape arbors, creeping all around the garden (Gilman 1006). The reader knows there is no actual woman trapped behind the wallpaper in fact this is a head game that seems to be caused by forced isolation as part of her treatment.

American football Essay

Actuality There be so many scenarios in livelihood that are made out to be completely different than they actually are because of media. Movies and shows make everything seem like something is one way and then in actuality its nothing like it. Throughout movies from scene to scene things are dramatized, over exaggerated, and made out to be better or worse than the situation or things objectively are. As a child I always watched movies and was deceived by them without even realizing it. I always enjoyed football movies around because I could relate to most of the things and could compare things in the movie to my actual life.They defecate always drawn my attention and I usually was misled by the way they made the sport in general seem. I wanted to play football at a young age but was always mistaken on the way the venture actually was. It was made out to be way harder and worse than actuality. Friday Night Lights and Remember the Titans are deuce movies I always referred to. Thr oughout the years of play football from elementary school to being a college athlete now these movies are the ones that stood out to me. In Friday Night Lights and Remember the Titans the teams have many similarities The aureole isnt just anordinary family, its boys that love each other and play like no one is different.They act like they have grown up together on the field and off and have a bond that cant be separated even when its a heavy game or things are falling apart. The teams have a passion for the game and get emotionally invested in it. puts always came off to be distressing and extremely tough in movies. The dos they run through and exaggerate make football seem really intense. The coaches are very into every second of the practices with humble down cartridge clip and a lot of things to be covered.Thepractices are long and drawn out so there is no room to screw up or mess around. The coaches show the passion for the game by the way they get into the practice and are tough on each player. Although they are tough, they pee-pee very personal relationships and bonds with each of their players. The coaches in movies seem to be a father figure and a great example to all the players. The relationships show in the games and when they are playing as they lead each other to have selfmotivation and push not only one another but themselves as well. My real life experiences with football havebeen very opposite to the way movies portray these instances to be.I had always intellection practices and the sport would be painstaking because of the movies and in world it was completely wrong. I went into high schools nervous and worried that the first practice would be intimidating and eerie as I would wait for the bell at the end of each day and dread the fact that now it was time for football. What I mean by that is I would sit in my desk and repeatedly speculate of getting killed by the bigger kids. I would continue to tincture at the clock and every m inute felt like 30, I was just stir andnervous.I soon began to realize and understand that it was just the way the movies make things seem. Practice was not actually full of the coaches yelling and making us do drills that were unbearable. It was all made out to be something it was not. In reality the team isnt bonded and nearly as close as the movies make them out to be. just about people get along and some dont, football is not the only reason for everyone to get along. Maybe it was where I went to school but I just couldnt compare much to the movies.Drills in the movie would last hours and throughout my life of playing football my drills would be short. The drills wouldnt take your breather away and you wouldnt be at a loss of energy. In the movies you have coaches in your ear yelling at you, grabbing your facemask to get your attention, and every time they got close to your face their spit would go all over you. Throughout my life coaches were not physical, they wouldnt grab you, pull you, or throw you around. Practice would consist of cone drills, where you had to set up cones in different areas and run full speed. Another drill we did was seven versus seven, which consist of 7 offensiveguys and 7 defensive guys with no line men.There would be four receivers sometimes five depending on the formations, a quarterback, and a running back also with two occasionally. The coach would call a play and you would have to try and move the ball down field only by passing the ball. Another drill we would do as a team consisted of all eleven players on both sides of the ball in a game-like situation. Everything in the movie seemed to consist of screaming, drills that would look like it could almost kill you, and coaches just all over you every time you made a mistake.It seemed like you just couldnt catch a break. They really are great, inspirational movies. I even sometimes wished my school was the way movies were. Most people can relate if they play football and ha ve seen either two movies. If you are a high school freshman or student athlete they can really make you nervous and affright to go and play. Maybe it was my school, but most people I have talked to can relate and have the same opinion. That is why I always thought playing football was going to be miserable and harsh but I have now come to the realization in my own life that it is nothing like I had ever expected.

Origins Of Agriculture In African Sahara Essay

Several decades ago, Harlan et al. (1976) suggested that Africa, outside of the Nile River Valley, force be the almost useful scene for developing a fuller understanding of plant domestication and agricultural origins (Harlan et al. , 5). It seems that in Africa the earliest indigenous plant domestication occurred relatively late (ca. 2000 BC) compared to most other vicinitys of the world (Harlan et al, 7-8).Whether this was due to a method of harvesting that was not artificially selective, such as beating versus cutting with stone or atomic number 26 sickles, a lack of intentional re-sowing of harvested grains, or reliance in some cases on non-domesticable plants remains unknown, notwithstanding it seems clear that wild grain collection was crash of a variety of adaptive strategies until at least about 2000 BC. Unlike the Near East, most of Africas native domestic plants appear to have diametrical temporal and geographic origins.In other words, crop domestication in Africa d id not arise in a single region, but developed from divers(a) vegetative zones (Harlan et al, 12). From the critical and historical perspectives, it is important to understand and analyze the ripening of agricultural patterns in any historio-geographical region, African Sahara in this particular case, because it is from there that the graduation exercise narrate emerges of village-based communities, pastoralism and intensive use of wild grains.Over the past 75 years, theories of the origins and spread of agriculture have been numerous and diverse. Explanations have ranged from cultural progress, climate change, airing of agriculture from single hearths, to population pressure, status enhancement, feasting, and to simply viewing the variety of agricultural glide slopees around the globe as increasingly extractive adaptations of foraging behavior. Increasingly, however, it appears that multiple factors conduct to the development of agriculture and that the processes may have be en different in each region of the world.Archaeological evidence from centers of independent domestication provides numerous opportunities to explain the process, but from the critical viewpoint, it gives little insight into what might have been the ultimate stimulus for such a broad shift. Today, the Egyptian Western Desert ( too known as the east Sahara or the Libyan Desert) is extremely inhospitable with little or no rainfall, high daily temperatures, relentless sandstorms, and life that can be support only near the occasional well or oasis (Wendorf and Schild, 1984, 1-5).Increased rainfall around 9000 BC led to the formation of seasonal worker ponds around Bir Kiseiba and Nabta Playa (Wendorf and Schild, 1984, 2). Although the Eastern Sahara remained unpredictable, peoples migrating west from the Nile Valley or from the desert to the south began to temporarily inhabit its better-watered areas (Close and Wendorf, 64).No structures, storage pits, or rise were recovered from the earliest sites, and pottery was disused (Wendorf and Schild, 1984, 5). Grinding stones were present in the oldest levels, and the plant remains suggest reliance on wild grasses (Wendorf and Schild, 1998, 99). Wild animals such as hare and gazelle comprised the majority of faunal remains, and domestic kine were maybe included in the subsistence regime (Wendorf and Schild, 1998, 103).By 8000 to 7000 BC, the area around Nabta was scattered with desert lakes and dotted with the trees of Tamarix, Acacia, and credibly Ziziphus, swampy plants (sedges), and wild grasses (Close and Wendorf, 68). melodic line of the Western Desert was still likely seasonal, with abandonment during the summer monsoons. The sites were larger than those of the previous period, and the remains of small and large huts, bell-shaped storage pits, and deep wells suggest intensified habitation (Close and Wendorf, 69).Lithics, bone points, grinding stones, and pottery were present (though pottery was still somewha t rare), and the fauna continued to consist mainly of hare, gazelle, and possibly domesticated kine (Wendorf and Schild 1998, 107). The evidence for domesticated cattle in these earliest levels is debated. Bones, tentatively identified as such, mainly teeth and foot remains, are morphologically similar to both modern domesticated and wild cattle (Bos primigenius f. taurus and B. rimigenius, respectively), but not to other large bovids in the area. Gautier argues for the presence of domesticated cattle rather than wild cattle because the latter probably could not survive on their own in an arid climate without the aid of humans to level them to known water sources (qtd in Close and Wendorf 1984, 61-62). Support for domesticated cattle comes also from the lack of bones from medium-sized bovids that typically roam with wild cattle (Wendorf and Schild 1998, 108). cattle bones are present but not common in the assemblages, which is used to argue for cattle-keeping (for milk and blood) rather than for cattle-eating (Close and Wendorf, 66). Interestingly, Close and Wendorf suggest that it was this expansion into the Sahara that might have pushed cattle-herders towards cattle-keeping and not slaughter, as during the same while in the Nile Valley, cattle apparently were being killed for consumption and not maintained for their products (Close and Wendorf, 68).In addition to hunting, and cattle milk and blood, the collection of wild plants also provided food. The best studied plant remains come from the site of E-75-6 at Nabta Playa, dating to around 6000 BC (Wasylikowa, 128). Wendorf and Schild see the sites of Nabta Playa as representing an important transition in prehistory, that of incipient domestication (Wendorf and Schild, 1998, 105). The intensive use of wild grains by pastoralist-hunters suggests a broad-spectrum approach to subsistence, but one that also incorporates semi-sedentism and delayed use of resources.Although the pastoralists at Nabta Playa appar ently revisited the same locations on a seasonal basis, they probably were forced to remain mobile due to their reliance on cattle and the need for abundant grass cover. Archeologists and historians suggest that groups migrating from the west introduced domesticated African grains to the upper Middle Niger Delta (MND) is has been supported by material remains through various archeological sites (McIntosh, 56).For instance, ceramics and bone harpoon-type points with affinities to sites in the Mema and Dhar Tichitt suggest that there was some early interaction or occupation at Dia by fisher-forager and agro-pastoralist groups from these more western areas. Evidence from Dhar Tichitt suggests that domesticated millet was introduced prior to 1900 BC, and that millet farming and herding existed well before 600 BC (McIntosh, 71). Ceramics from Mema sites indicate that indigenous fisher-foragers first inhabited the Mema area, but by 1300-800 BC, pastoralist immigration into the region ha d begun.It has been proposed by Mcintosh that these groups of herders and fishers might have assimilated to some degree in the Mema, and then perhaps fissioned into proto-Bozo and Nono groups upon entering the modern MND sometime between 800 and 400 BC (McIntosh, 79). transaction into the deeper channels of the upper MND was likely one response to increasing desiccation of the ancient floodplain margins and encroachment of the Sahara during the early first millennium BC. The human-plant relationship at MND appears from the earliest times to be based on rice farming and collection of wild plant resources.This trend continues throughout the occupation of the sites, even during periods of seasonal habitation or partial abandonment (Horizons II and III of Dia). Early in the second millennium however, several species (pearl millet, bread wheat, and cotton) occur that suggest the development of new or intensified relationships between Dia and the outside world. The increased presence of pearl millet noted especially on Mara probably signals enhanced distribute or exchange with other communities, or perhaps the movement of new peoples into the area.Mcintosh writes of oscillating drying trends during this time that might have allowed cultivation of pearl millet in areas antecedently too wet, perhaps at Dia or at outlying hamlets (Mcintosh, 83). This important cereal was likely domesticated somewhere between the Sahara and the Sahel of West Africa. The earliest evidence of domesticated pearl millet comes from Tichitt, dating 1900-1500 BC, and from Birimi in northern Ghana, where two grains were nowadays dated to 1740 BC and 1130-1250 BC (McIntosh, 93).Pearl millet occurs frequently at later sites and is a common and important cereal across much of West Africa. The four bread wheat grains found on both Shoma and Mara, one grain directly radiocarbon dated to AD 779-1157, may also signal trade, or more likely, visitors from abroad. Native to west Asia and introduced in to North Africa by way of Egypt, these wheat grains probably made their way to MND via one of the major Saharan trade towns such as Sijilmasa, where to according to medieval Arabic travelers and traders, wheat was cultivated (McIntosh, 99-100).In sum, it increasingly appears that there was an independent domestication of cattle in the eastern Sahara around 8000 BC, well before the introduction of cattle, goat, and sheep from the Near East around 5000 BC. Practicing a broad-spectrum approach to food getting, these early herders spread west and south across the Sahara, eventually entering West Africa around 2000 BC.The earliest domesticated grass (pearl millet) occurs around this time in a broad band across the southern Sahara and Sahel beginning earliest at Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania) and moving rapidly eastward to Lake Chad (northeastern Nigeria) by about 1200 BC (Wendorf and Schild, 1998, 122). These sites are invariably associated with the remains of domesticated cattle, suggesting that Saharan pastoralists introduced domesticated grasses into sub-Saharan Africa and played a pivotal role in the development of other African regions.

Effects of Bulliying

Effects of Bullying Have you ever heard to the highest degree bullying? Do you know people can die because of that? Every year sad stories ab aside people and kids affected by bullying is more(prenominal) common that people animadvert. Statistics show that about two in four kids in the U. S. are bullied on a regular basis. Bullying is a puddle of aggressive behavior manifested by the use of force to affect others particularly when the behavior is habitual and involves an imbalance of power. Bullying can affect everyone, those who are bullied, those who bully, and those who detect bullying.Nowadays this event is more common in schools. Effects when kids students, bully others can lead to serious, even deadly, consequences. These effects are withdrawn from society, lose of self-esteem, and try to evade from the situation. Students who are bullied tend to withdraw from society since they decease feeling rejected from people. Also, they often stop communicating with parents and fr iends because they think that no one can helper them. They normally want to hide this embarrassing situation, which can lead to lying its a way to ignore the problem and try not to think about it.As a result, most of the times they want to be alone. Students can start to feel insecure about themselves. They start losing self-esteem and begin question their own personalities. Students start thinking that maybe they deserve this bad treatment. Therefore, they begin to do badly in schools and lower their grades because they may start focusing hardly in the bully and avoid all around them, like hide and fathert attend to class. Also, their out come along of life may become darker and darker as the bullying continues.As a result, their expectations for life become very poorly. If teens have become damaged by bullying, they may do almost anything to get out of the situation. They may try to escape from their painful reality by engaging in dangerous activities. In that way, they try to feel that they have the control of their pain or they are trying to learn how to control it and start feeling that the bully cant hurt them again. They also might think about a plan of revenge because they want to transmit the angry and pain that they feel to the bully.But, in the worse cases, students cant find a way out of their problems and they might start hurting themselves, even committing suicide. When students are victims of bullying there is a strong chance that they will suffer many negative consequences. They start to not communicate with anyone, they always want to be alone, even dont go to school, and their grades become affected. Consequently, in the worse cases, they commit suicide because of their frustration. They dont see a way to escape of the bullying.In my opinion, in order to ensure a stable, mature and healthy society, parents need to take a harder look at this negative behavior that hurts not only the bullied student and the bully, but also the family and th e society as a whole. References Bullying. Wikipedia. The bring out encyclopedia. 08 April 2012. Web. http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bullying Bullying Statistic. Wikipedia. The free encyclopedia. 06 April 2012. Web. http//www. bullyingstatistics. org/content/school-bullying-statistics. html

Internetworking End-to-End Requirements Essay

Hence such characteristics as performance, reliability, scalability, mobility, and QoS of DS ar impacted by the underlying engagement technology and the OS ? Principles of computer interneting Every network has ? An architecture or moulds of protocols ? Packet switching for communicating ? Route occupyion and info streaming ? Comm Sub corpses (network technologies rest on) Transmission media wires, cables, fiber, wireless (sat, IR, RF, mwave) Hardwargon devices roadrs, switches, bridges, hubs, repeaters, network interfaces/card/transceivers. Softw atomic number 18 comp mavennts protocol stacks, comm handlers/drivers, OS primitives, network-focus APIs ? Hosts The computers and end-devices that utilisation the comm sub musical arrangement Subnet A single bunch together or exhibition of nodes, which reach each other on the same physical medium and capable of routing outgoing and launching messages The lucre is a collection of several subnets (or intranets) ? Network ing issues for distributed systems Initial requirements for DS practical applications ftp, rlogin, email, newsgroup Subsequent generation of DS applics. on-line sh atomic number 18d resources. Current requirements performance, reliability, scalability, mobility, security, QoS, multicasting ? Performance Key time to peddle unit(s) of messages between a pair of linked computers/devices point-to-point latency (delay) from sending out of outgoing-buffer and receiving into incoming-buffer. Usually due to software overheads, concern load, and path selection Data transfer/bit deem speed of data transfer between 2 computers (bps). Usually due to physical properties of the medium. ? Message trans time = latency + length/bit-rate ? Bandwidth vs. bit-rate. The total system bandwidth (volume of data move and received in a unit time, e. g. , per sec. ) is a measure of its throughput Bit rate or transfer rate is restricted to the mediums ability to propagate individual bits/signal s in a unit time In most local area networks, e. g. , Ethernets, when full transmission capacity is devoted to messaging (with inadequate or no latency), whence bandwidth and bit-rate are same in measure Local memory vs network resources ? Applications entryway to shared resources on same network usually under msec ? Applications access to local memory usually under msec (1000x faster)?However, for high speed network network- boniface, with caches, the access time is few(prenominal) faster (than local disk access due to hard disk latency) ? Scalability ( net and DSs) Future crop of computing nodes of Internet ( innkeepers, switches) in 109s (100s of 106 hosts alone) Requires inviolable changes to routing and addressing schemes (more later ) Current traffic (load) on Internet approx. measured by the latencies (see www. mids. org), which seem to have reduced (with advances in medium and protocol types). Future growth and sustainability depend on economies of use, charge r ate, locality/placement of shared resource?Reliability Failures are typically, non due to the physical medium, but at the end-end (at host levels) software (application-level), therefore, error detection/correction is at the level Suggesting that the communication subsystem need not be error-free (make transparent/hidden to user) because reliability is somewhat guaranteed at the send/receiver ends (where errors may be ca utilise by, e. g. , buffer overflow, clock drifts ca utilize premature timeouts) ? Security Most intranets are protected from external (Internet-wide) DSs by firewall. A firewall protects all the resources of an organized from unlawful/malicious access by external users, and control/monitoring of use of resources outside the firewall A firewall (bundle of security software and network hardware) runs on a gateway the entry/exit point of the corporate intranet A firewall is usually configured based on corporate security policy, and filters incoming and outgoing messages. To go beyond firewalls, and grant access to world- or Internet-wide resources, end-to-end authentication, privacy, and security (Standards) are needed to allow DSs to function E. g., techniques are Cryptographic and credentials usually implemented at a level above the communication subsystem Virtual Private Network (VPN) security concept allows intranet-level protection of such features/devices as local roadwayrs and secure links to nimble devices ?Mobility Need wireless to support portable computers and hand-held devices Wireless links are susceptible to, e. g. , eavesdrop criticise, distortions in medium, out-of-sight/ hurtle transmitters/receivers Current addressing and routing schemes are based on wired technologies, which have been adapted and, therefore, not perfect and need extensions?QoS (Quality of Service) Meeting deadlines and user requirements in transmitting/ bear on streams of real-time multimedia data E. g. , QoS requirements guaranteed bandwidth , timely delivery or bounded latencies, or dynamic subscribe tojustments to requirements ? Multicasting Most transmissions are point-to-point, but several involve one-to-many ( any one-to-all pervade or selective broadcast multicast) Simply sending the same message from one node to several destinations is inefficient Multicasting technique allows single transmission to denary destination (simultaneously) by utilise special addressing scheme 3. Multimedia Transmission and Internetworking Heterogeneous Systems ? Types of Networks LANs (confined to smaller, typically, 2. 5km diameter spread) ? higher speed, single medium for inter connectedness (twisted pair, coax, opt), no routing indoors segments all point-to-point (from hub), inter-segment connecters via switches/hubs, low latency, low error rate ? E. g. , Ethernet, token ring, slotted ring protocols, wired.(1) Ethernet 1970 with bandwidth of 10Mbps, with extended versions of 100/1000Mbps, lacking latency and bandwidth QoS for DSs (2) ATM using frame cells and opthalmic fills the gap but expensive for LAN, newer high-speed Ethernets offer improvement and cost-effective MANs (confined to extended, regional field of honor, typically, up to 50km spread) ? Based on high-bandwidth copper and fiber optics for multimedia (audio/ picture/voice), ? E. g. , technologies ATM, high-speed Ethernet (IEEE 802. 6 protocols for MANs), DSL (digital subscriber line) using ATM switches to switch digitized voice over twisted pair 0.25-6Mbps within 1. 5km, cable modem uses coax 1. 5Mpbs using analog sign on TV networks and longer distances than DSL WANs (worldwide, lower speeds over sets of varying types of circuits with routers) ? High latency (due to switching and route searching) between 0. 1-0. 5s, signaling speed around 3x105km/s (bounds latency) plus propagation delay (round-trip) of about 0. 2s if using satellite/geostationary dishes generally slower at 10-100kbps or exceed 1-2Mbps Wireless (connecting portable, wearable devices using access points) ? Common protocol IEEE 802.11 (a, b, and now g) (WaveLAN) 2-11Mbps (11gs bandwidth near 54Mbps) over 150m creating a WLANs, some mobiles connected to fit(p) devices printers, servers, palmtops to create a WPANs (wireless personal area networks) using IR links or low-powered Blue overlyth wireless network tech 1-2Mbps over 10m. ? Most mobile cell phones use Bluetooth tech. e. g. , European GSM standard and US, mostly, analog-based AMP cellular radio network, atop by CDPD cellular digital portion data communication system, direct over wider areas at lower speed 9. 6-19. 2kbps.?Tiny screens of mobiles and wearables require a new WAP protocol Internetworks ? Building open, extendible system for DSs, supporting network heterogeneity, multi-protocol system involving LANs, MANs, WLANs, connected by routers and gateways with layers of software for data and protocol conversions creating a virtual network using underlying physical ne tworks ? E. g. , the Internet using TCP/IP (over several other physical protocols) Comparisons ? Range of performance characteristics ? Frequency and types of failures, when used for DS applics?Packet delivery/loss, duplicates (masked at TCP level to guarantee some reliability and transparency to DSs but may use UDP faster but less reliable and DS applics responsibility to guarantee reliability) Diagram 3. 2 Network Principles Packet Transmission Packet transmission superseded telephone/telegraph switched network Messages are packetized and packets are queued, buffered (in local storage), and transmitted when lines are available using asynchronous transmission protocol Data Streaming Multimedia data cant be packetized due to unpredicted delays.AV data are streamed at higher frequency and bandwidth at continuous flow rate Delivery of multimedia data to its destination is time-critical / low latency requiring end-to-end predefined route E. g. networks ATM, IPv6 ( following(a ) generation exit separate steamed IP packets at network layer and use RSVP (resource reserv. protocol) resource/bandwidth prealloc and RTP play-time/time-reqs (real-time transp protocol) at layers 3 & 1, respectively) to work ? Switching Schemes 4 Kinds of switching methods typically used. Broadcast no switching logic, all nodes see signals on circuits/cells (e.g. , Ethernet, wireless networks) Circuit Switching Interconnected segments of circuits via switches/exchange boxes, e. g. , POTS (Plain Old mobilize System) Packet Switching Developed as computing tech advanced with processors and storage spaces using store-and-forward algorithms and computers as switches. Packets are not sent instantaneously, routed on contrary links, reordered, may be lost, high latency (few msec msecs).Extension to switch audio/video data brought integration of digitized data for computer comm. , telephone supporters, TV, and radio broadcasting, teleconferencing. Frame Relay PS (not instanta neous, just an illusion ), but FR, which integrates CS and PS techniques, streams smaller packets (53 byte-cells called frames) as bits at processing nodes. E. g. , ATM Protocols Protocols implemented as pairs of software modules in send/receive nodes, Specify the sequence of messages for transmission Specify the format of the data in the messages Protocols Layers layered architecture, following the OSI suite packets are communicated as peer-to-peer transmission but effected vertically across layers by encapsulation method over a physical mediumProtocols Suites The 7-layered architecture of the ISO-OSI Each layer provides service to the layer above it and extends the service provided by the layer below it A complete set of protocol layers constitute a suite or stack Layering simplifies and generalizes the software interface definitions, but costly overhead due to encapsulations and protocol conversions Diagram 3. 3 4. Service Provider vigilance On the Internet, a comm ission service provider (MSP) is a company that manages information technology services for other companies.For example, a company could hire an MSP to configure and administer its tune computers and related systems on a continuing basis, saving the company. An MSP is a service provider that offers system and network management tools and expertise. An MSP typically has its knowledge data join that runs advanced network management software such as HP OpenView or Tivoli. It uses these tools to participatingly monitor and provide reports on aspects of its customers networks, including communication links, network bandwidth, servers, and so on. The MSP may host the customers tissue servers and application servers at its own site.The services provided by MSPs have been called Web telemetry services. The MSP familiarity defines MSPs as follows Management Service Providers deliver information technology (IT) infrastructure management services to multiple customers over a network on a subscription basis. Like Application Service Providers (ASPs), Management Service Providers deliver services via networks that are billed to their clients on a recurring fee basis. Unlike ASPs, which deliver business applications to end users, MSPs deliver system management services to IT departments and other customers who manage their own technology assets.TriActive is an example of an MSP. It provides management and monitoring of PCs, servers, networks, and Web sites from its own NOC (network operations center), which is hosted by Exodus Communications. Exodus ensures that the NOC has fully redundant power, network connectivity, routing, and switching to ensure maximum reliability and integrity. A microagent interacts with customer systems to provide system management. The agent is lightweight and designed for use over the Internet. It acts as a universal agent invoking and managing other agents and programs as infallible for specific actions.The service is delivered via the We b through a secure Internet portal that lets customers view management information, based on their role in the organization. For example, CIOs can view overall management information while help desk technicians can check call queues, escalations, and open ticket status. Systems analysts can conduct asset inventories and view virus reporting. Objective Systems Integrators is another(prenominal) management service provider that provides software solutions for unified network, service application, and process management.OSI was recently acquired by Agilent Technologies. A list of other MSPs may be entrap at the MSP Association Web site. Web application and infrastructure monitoring and management have suddenly become critical, yet the tools to do them are lacking. Management service providers (MSP), the latest addition to the current slew of service providers, claim to offer products and services that will oversee your Web operations. Companies staking claims as early MSPs overwhelm Candle Corp. in Santa Monica, Calif. InteQ Corp. in Burlington, Mass. and Nuclio Corp. in Skokie, Ill.What makes MSPs distinctive is that their products and services are provided over the Internet on a subscription basis. That means MSPs can achieve economies of weighing machine that companies who license software cannot, says Christopher Booth, head of technical operations at FreightWise Inc. , a Forth Worth, Texas-based online transportation exchange. Though he declined to say how much his company is compensable to use Nuclios MSP, Booth did say that the service has been very advantageous. The cost savings that MSPs can pass on may help them catch on with corporate customers.Gartner Group Inc. in Stamford, Conn., estimates that the $90 million MSP market will balloon to more than $3. 25 billion by 2005. 5. Programmable/Cognitive Networks A draw strength of the Internet has been to reduce the intelligence within the network to that required placed at strategic places within t he network such as at administrative boundaries, or at locations where there is a large mismatch between bandwidth, or where the certain location specific services can be used.Others believe that the entire architecture should be rethought as a computational environment, in which all(prenominal)thing can be programmed, and the entire network becomes active.The research in this area is aimed at discovering how viable it is to open up such elements of the communications architecture as the routing table. A fundamental question raised by both the active service and the active network approaches is how to ensure that the shared resource of the network remains safe and is protected from misbehaving programs. Programs can abuse the network by generating packet explosions and can abuse the shared processor by using all the memory and the processor cycles. Worse, they may subvert the working of correct programs so that they too break.If network programmability is going to be available to t he application designers, we need to ensure that they do not break things by accident, let alone by intention. conventional systems approaches to protection are based upon what a program should be able to do, then using runtime checks to ensure that the program doesnt exceed these bounds. This leads to the sandbox sticker of protection, as used in Java and enhanced to provide protection for Active Networks. However, there are major problems with this approach. First, each runtime check reduces the performance of the system, increase the overhead of each use of system resources.Second, it is very difficult to ensure that the protection mechanisms are correct, and cannot be subverted in any way. An alternative approach is to use compile time checks upon what the program is doing. This uses the type system to represent predicates about program functionality and if a program is well-typed, then it proves the program to obey the policies implemented in the type system. This approach ha s been used to allow users to run programs within the kernel as in Spin, and in protecting access to router functionality in the Switchware project. To provide a network programming language based on Internet best effort communication. To provide scaleable high-level communication based on remote father from which other communication can be built. To make use of types as safety properties, to ensure that the safety and security policies of the network are maintained. To rapidly precedent tools such as compilers and simulators in order to drive the development of the language by examples. Best-effort distributed programming In the Internet, an application transmits a packet, which is sent to the next router on the way to the destination.At this router, the arrival of the packet causes code to run, which calls other code dependent upon the fields in the header of the packet. This code may access and metamorphose local state stored in the router and then copy or create one or mor e packets to be sent out from the router. These packets are then routed on output links depending upon the destination for each packet, and so on until the packets reach their destination, or are destroyed within the network for whatever reason. In our programming model, we have attempted to replicate this basic structure of packet transmission.In the Internet, the arrival of a packet initiates some thread of control which uses the data within the packet to decide upon the disposition of the packet. In our model, a packet becomes a thread of control, carrying the code to be run and the anatomys or value of any data referenced within that code. When a thread arrives at a Safetynet-aware router or end system, the thread code is instantiated within the runtime and runs within a de_ned scheduling class. The thread of control may call other code to be run on its behalf.The other code is encapsulated within classes, which are either present in the router, or are dynamically prankish fro m elsewhere. Threads can spawn other threads, either locally or on the next hop to some destination. 6. Design of an Internetwork We will discuss about the networking especially the internetworking. In this case we will need to discuss some topics related with the Internet Infrastructure, Internet routing, field of study name and address resolution, internet protocol and the applications. Internet Infrastructure The Internet backbone is made up of many large networks which interconnect with each other.These large networks are known as Network Service Providers or Naps. Some of the large Naps are UUNet, Cerf Net, IBM, BBN Planet, Sprint Net, PSINet, as well as others. These networks peer with each other to exchange packet traffic. Each NSP is required to connect to three Network Access Points or NAPs. At the NAPs, packet traffic may jump from one NSPs backbone to another NSPs backbone. NSPs also interconnect at Metropolitan Area Exchanges or MAEs. MAEs serve the same purpose as the NAPs but are privately owned. NAPs were the original Internet interconnects points. Both NAPs and MAEs are referred to as Internet Exchange Points or IXs.NSPs also distribute bandwidth to smaller networks, such as ISPs and smaller bandwidth providers. Below is a picture showing this hierarchical infrastructure. Diagram 4 This is not a true pattern of an actual piece of the Internet. Diagram 4 is only meant to demonstrate how the NSPs could interconnect with each other and smaller ISPs. None of the physical network components are shown in Diagram 4 as they are in Diagram 3. This is because a single NSPs backbone infrastructure is a complex drawing by itself. Most NSPs publish maps of their network infrastructure on their web sites and can be found easily.To draw an actual map of the Internet would be well-nigh impossible due to its size, complexity, and ever-changing structure. The Internet Routing Working It is general phenomenon that No computer knows where any of the other compu ters are, and packets do not get sent to every computer. The information used to get packets to their destinations is contained in routing tables kept by each router connected to the Internet. The Routers are called the packet switches. A router is usually connected between networks to route packets between them. Each router knows about its sub-networks and which IP addresses they use.The router usually doesnt know what IP addresses are above it. Examine Diagram 5 below. The black boxes connecting the backbones are routers. The larger NSP backbones at the top are connected at a NAP. Under them are several sub-networks, and under them, more sub-networks. At the bottom are two local area networks with computers attached. Diagram 5 When a packet arrives at a router, the router examines the IP address put there by the IP protocol layer on the originating computer. The router checks its routing table. If the network containing the IP address is found, the packet is sent to that network.I f the network containing the IP address is not found, then the router sends the packet on a default route, usually up the backbone pecking order to the next router. Hopefully the next router will know where to send the packet. If it does not, again the packet is routed upwardly until it reaches a NSP backbone. The routers connected to the NSP backbones hold the largest routing tables and here the packet will be routed to the correct backbone, where it will begin its journey downward through smaller and smaller networks until it finds its destination. Domain Names and Address Resolution.But what if you dont know the IP address of the computer you want to connect to? What if the you need to access a web server referred to as www. anothercomputer. com? How does your web web browser know where on the Internet this computer lives? The answer to all these questions is the Domain Name Service or DNS. The DNS is a distributed database which keeps track of computers names and their corresp onding IP addresses on the Internet. Many computers connected to the Internet host part of the DNS database and the software that allows others to access it. These computers are known as DNS servers.No DNS server contains the entire database they only contain a subset of it. If a DNS server does not contain the domain name requested by another computer, the DNS server re-directs the requesting computer to another DNS server. Diagram 6 The Domain Name Service is structured as a hierarchy similar to the IP routing hierarchy. The computer requesting a name resolution will be re-directed up the hierarchy until a DNS server is found that can locate the domain name in the request. Figure 6 illustrates a portion of the hierarchy. At the top of the tree are the domain roots.Some of the older, more super C domains are seen near the top. What is not shown are the multitude of DNS servers around the world which form the rest of the hierarchy? When an Internet participation is setup (e. g. f or a LAN or Dial-Up Networking in Windows), one primary and one or more secondary DNS servers are usually undertake as part of the installation. This way, any Internet applications that need domain name resolution will be able to function correctly. For example, when you enter a web address into your web browser, the browser kickoff connects to your primary DNS server. aft(prenominal) obtaining the IP address for the domain name you entered, the browser then connects to the target computer and requests the web page you wanted. The Disable DNS in Windows If youre using Windows 95/NT and access the Internet, you may view your DNS server(s) and even disable them. If you use Dial-Up Networking Open your Dial-Up Networking windowpane (which can be found in Windows explorer under your CD-ROM drive and above Network Neighborhood). Right click on your Internet connection and click Properties. Near the bottom of the connection properties window press the TCP/IP Settings button.If you have a permanent connection to the Internet Right click on Network Neighborhood and click Properties. tick TCP/IP Properties. Select the DNS Configuration tab at the top. You should now be looking at your DNS servers IP addresses. Here you may disable DNS or set your DNS servers to 0. 0. 0. 0. (Write down your DNS servers IP addresses first. You will probably have to restart Windows as well. ) Now enter an address into your web browser. The browser wont be able to resolve the domain name and you will probably get a nasty dialog box explaining that a DNS server couldnt be found.However, if you enter the corresponding IP address instead of the domain name, the browser will be able to retrieve the desired web page. (Use ping to get the IP address prior to disabling DNS. ) Other Microsoft operating systems are similar. Internet protocols As hinted to earlier in the segmentation about protocol stacks, one may surmise that there are many protocols that are used on the Internet. This is true there are many communication protocols required for the Internet to function. These include the TCP and IP protocols, routing protocols, medium access control protocols, application level protocols, and so onThe following sections describe some of the more historic and commonly used protocols on the Internet. Higher-level protocols are discussed first, followed by lower level protocols. Application Protocols HTTP and the World Wide Web One of the most commonly used services on the Internet is the World Wide Web (WWW). The application protocol that makes the web work is Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP. Do not confuse this with the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). HTML is the language used to write web pages. HTTP is the protocol that web browsers and web servers use to communicate with each other over the Internet.It is an application level protocol because it sits on top of the TCP layer in the protocol stack and is used by specific applications to talk to one another. In th is case the applications are web browsers and web servers. HTTP is a connectionless text based protocol. Clients (web browsers) send requests to web servers for web elements such as web pages and images. After the request is serviced by a server, the connection between client and server across the Internet is disconnected. A new connection must be made for each request. Most protocols are connection oriented.This means that the two computers communicating with each other keep the connection open over the Internet. HTTP does not however. out front an HTTP request can be made by a client, a new connection must be made to the server. When you type a uniform resource locator into a web browser, this is what happens If the URL contains a domain name, the browser first connects to a domain name server and retrieves the corresponding IP address for the web server. The web browser connects to the web server and sends an HTTP request (via the protocol stack) for the desired web page. The w eb server receives the request and checks for the desired page.If the page exists, the web server sends it. If the server cannot find the requested page, it will send an HTTP 404 error message. (404 mean Page Not Found as anyone who has surfed the web probably knows. ) The web browser receives the page back and the connection is closed. The browser then parses through the page and looks for other page elements it needs to complete the web page. These usually include images, applets, etc. For each element needed, the browser makes additional connections and HTTP requests to the server for each element.When the browser has finished loading all images, applets, etc.the page will be completely loaded in the browser window. Retrieving a Web Page Using HTTP Telnet is a remote terminal service used on the Internet. Its use has declined lately, but it is a very useful tool to study the Internet. In Windows find the default telnet program. It may be located in the Windows directory named tel net. exe.When opened, pull down the Terminal posting and select Preferences. In the preferences window, check Local Echo. (This is so you can see your HTTP request when you type it. ) Now pull down the Connection menu and select Remote System. Enter www. google. com for the Host Name and 80 for the Port.(Web servers usually listen on port 80 by default. ) Press Connect. Now type prolong / HTTP/1. 0 And press Enter twice. This is a simple HTTP request to a web server for its root page. You should see a web page flashy by and then a dialog box should pop up to tell you the connection was lost. If youd like to save the retrieved page, turn on log in the Telnet program. You may then browse through the web page and see the HTML that was used to write it. Most Internet protocols are specified by Internet documents known as a Request for Comments or RFCs. RFCs may be found at several locations on the Internet.See the Resources section below for appropriate URLs. HTTP version 1. 0 is spe cified by RFC 1945. Application Protocols SMTP and Electronic Mail Another commonly used Internet service is electronic mail. E-mail uses an application level protocol called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol or SMTP.SMTP is also a text-based protocol, but unlike HTTP, SMTP is connection oriented. SMTP is also more complicated than HTTP. There are many more commands and considerations in SMTP than there are in HTTP. When you open your mail client to read your e-mail, this is what typically happens The mail client (Netscape Mail, Lotus Notes, Microsoft Outlook, etc.) opens a connection to its default mail server.The mail servers IP address or domain name is typically setup when the mail client is installed. The mail server will always transmit the first message to identify itself. The client will send an SMTP HELO command to which the server will respond with a 250 OK message. Depending on whether the client is checking mail, sending mail, etc. the appropriate SMTP commands will be sent to the server, which will respond accordingly. This request/response transaction will continue until the client sends an SMTP QUIT command. The server will then say goodbye and the connection will be closed.Transmission Control Protocol Under the application layer in the protocol stack is the TCP layer. When applications open a connection to another computer on the Internet, the messages they send (using a specific application layer protocol) get passed down the stack to the TCP layer. TCP is responsible for routing application protocols to the correct application on the destination computer. To accomplish this, port numbers are used. Ports can be thought of as separate channels on each computer. For example, you can surf the web while reading e-mail. This is because these two applications (the web browser and the mail clien.

History of Atlanta Essay

correct by the standard of America, battle of battle of Atlanta is a young urban center. Even before it became a settlement, such cities like Cincinnati, Charleston, Chattanooga and New siege of Orleans were already thriving cities. Atlanta can be said to be a bright, aggressive and brash town with the rough ages smoothed by time. The metropolis dashes with the charm of the south. Atlanta has a unique and proud heritage despite its relatively young age and has a past that is worth being preserved. Even though Atlanta was in the South, it was not however of the south from the beginning. It begun as a small rail line crossing.As such, it was established as a railway terminus. The culture, values and mores of the town resembled those of the frontier towns of the Old West than of the cities of the Old South. The catalyst for its growth and economy still remains transportation. The urban center always attracted men and women who possess vision from the beginning, the opportunists who possessed the foresight to offer the facilities that would make Atlanta become one of the most important cities in the Southeast. The Creek and Cherokee Indians owned the land that is promptly Atlanta some one hundred and fifty years ago (Robert, 1981).When the first white settlement was founded on the banks of the Chattahoochee River near the Indian village of stand up Peachtree, the United States was well into war. This was in the year eighteen twelve. The white people and the Indians lived together until the year eighteen thirty five when the leaders of Cherokee nation consented low the Treaty of New Echota to leave their lands and move west. During this period, the Cherokee lands were officially under the possession of Georgia, an act that resulted into the infamous Trail of Tears.Farmers and craftsmen from the mountains of North Georgia, Carolinas and Virginia were the earlier settlers in the area of Atlanta. These early settlers were in most part hardworking and deeply re ligious. Through lottery disbursements, they came to possess their lands. They lived in harmony and peace with their Indian neighbors. They withal owned a a couple of(prenominal) slaves. They built schools and churches. They often traveled to Decatur to trade besides marketing their cotton in Macon which was a hundred miles to the south.In the antebellum south, this order of magnitude was as close to being termed yeoman as possible. In the metropolitan Atlanta area, some of their pre-Civil War churches, homes, mills and cemeteries are still in existence. The outset of Atlanta was the integration of necessity and geography make possible by the steam engine. The construction of a trade route from the coast of Georgia to the midwestern United States was voted by the Georgia General Assembly in the year eighteen-thirty six. It was meant to be a state railroad which was to facilitate trade between the state and opposite regions.The terminal for the railroad was to be at the sparsely populated Georgia Piedmont. It was to run from a particular point on the Tennessee line close to the Tennessee River, kickoff near Rossville to a point on the Southeastern bank of the Chattahoochee River that could be easily accessed by the branch railroads (Reed, 2006). The name of the railroad was to be the Western and Atlantic Railroad of the State of Georgia. Stephen Harriman Long, an army engineer with a wealth of experience, was offered the task of finding the most practical route foe the new rail line.He chose a site that was eight miles south of the river. The Indian trails and connecting ridges converged at this point. This point that he chose proved to be just the right site with an ideal climate. The menace was driven near the present Five Points in Downtown Atlanta. Atlanta is positioned in the Piedmont Plateau with an elevation of one thousand ands fifty feet yet no natural barriers can impede on the growth of the city. Atlanta grew developed like the towns in the We st between the periods that long drove his stake on the ground and the beginning of the civil war.Gold was stroke in the rail lines instead of mining. Opportunists, salesmen, merchants, craftsmen and land speculators were soon attracted by the railroad workers little settlement which was aptly named Terminus. What followed were the warehouses, ironworks, textile industry, sawmills and banks. The city later came to be called Marthasville in honor of the Governors daughter. However, prominent citizens considered this mane to be too long and bucolic for the progressive city and thus were changed to Atlanta.The patterns of settlement were slowly being formed. A substantial merchant residential community known as Mechanicsville thrived around the rail yards. Near the White manse Tavern grew the West End. Luxurious home begun to be built on Marietta, Whitehall, Broad, lower Peachtree and Washington Street as residential avenues of important citizens begun to be established. However, pre -War Atlanta was not a quiet business community. According to Franklin Garrett, the town was classified as tough even as the number of good, moral citizens increased.The city distinctively developed as a railroad center with vices that were characteristic to rough frontier settlements. Gambling dives, brothels, resorts and drinking were normal in the city and the sporting elements were lordly on their defiance of the public order (Robert, 1981). When the Civil War erupted, Atlanta was already an important city. It had a population of more than ten thousand individuals, banks, manufacturing and retail shops, four rail lines, banks, carriage and wheelwright shops, three thousand eight-hundred homes, tanneries, warehouses, mills and iron foundries.It became an important shipping and supply center for the Confederacy. It also possessed the facilities which made it necessary for the Union forces, led by Sherman, to seize and destroy it. In July 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman beg an his campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta. The city surrendered to his forces on September 2 subsequently a series of battles and a siege of the city lasting for a month. The city was on fire not because of Union shells but mainly referable to the box of explosives that the retreating Confederates blew up.Evacuation of the city and the destruction of buildings that could be used by the confederates were ordered by Sherman. By the time Sherman started his march to the sea, the only structures left rest in Atlanta were about four hundred buildings. The city became a ghost town of ashes and rubble. When the residents came back and begun rebuilding the town, the city was still smoldering. The residents came back with a new and stronger spirit than before. Their confidence in the future of Atlanta grew and within five years after the holocaust, the city was rebuilt and its prewar population redoubled.The city choose a new form of architecture which waxes popular during that era sin ce the original antebellum architecture was almost entirely destroyed during the period of the war. However, some of the few fine whitewashed columned mansions that were in downtown Atlanta survived even though another(prenominal)s were later destroyed to provide room for state and city buildings. The limits of the city were originally circular and extended one mile from the zero milepost. Its initial expansions were circular too.The demographic patterns of the city were reestablished as before the war. West End proceed to thrive as a residential business community of the upper class. Along the Peachtree and Washington Streets, wealthy white citizens established and built Victorian mansions. prospered black enclaves also developed despite the fact that segregation existed in the city. These enclaves were concentrated along Auburn Avenue after 1906. Summerhill, Vine City and many other residential pockets around the central city emerged as black neighborhoods.The city experienced rapid growth from the time that the Civil War ended finished the last go of the nineteenth century. The central business district expanded from Union Depot toward the its limits by the end of eighteen seventy (Best of Images of America, 2000). The city was dissected by a path of railroad tracks which converged in the lower downtown gulch. The flow of traffic over the tracks was facilitated by the construction of a profit of viaducts that were planned in the turn of the twentieth century and completed twenty five years later.The business district was moved to another level by the viaducts which led to the establishment of another area that is presently known as Underground Atlanta. For the railroad depots, a simple utilitarian Italianate architecture was encouraged and this influenced so much the design of the design of the commercial buildings that were constructed before the turn of the century. The foundation of Atlantas economy within this period still became the railroads. T his continued through to the Second World War when emphasis shifted to truck and air transport.The citys growth was spurred by transportation and private enterprise. In the final decade of nineteenth century, new rail lines were added to the citys network. Its dominance as southeasts railroad center became established with the consolidation of ten give out lines within that decade which included divisions of Southern Railway totaling five. With the recession and depression of the economy of the nation in the nineteen eighties, a series of fairs and expositions were staged by an Atlanta promoter to attract business in this area.In an attempt to establish a new economic base in the postwar south, the supranational Cotton description was staged in 1881. Atlanta was advertised as a commercial and transportation center by the Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895 which made Atlanta to emerge as one of the major cities of the Southeast. The Exposition became recognized wor ldwide and by 1903, many regional and national companies had their headquarters in Atlanta. The growth of Atlanta as an industrial base, contrasting it with the rest of the south which was inclined toward agriculture, came as a result of the fair and exposition.Industrial complexes were established along the rail lines, textile mills also came south and mill villages were also constructed to house the workers. The residential perimeters also expanded with the introduction of horse drawn highroad car in the 1871. There was also the emergence of several private developers. Among the notable private developers was Joel Hurt who built the fast skyscraper in Atlanta. He also established the first planned residential suburb in Atlanta. Atlanta adopted the Chicago school of architecture in the establishment of skyscrapers of elevator buildings.The citys skyline was transformed from the picturesque High Victorian to a collection of multipurpose skyscraper office buildings and hotels. These new buildings attracted a large railroad and insurance. Atlantas distinctive personality is offered by the early commercial buildings and the Victorian and post-Victorian settlements that were build between 1890 and 1930. Atlanta in the southeasts capital city, a future city with strong ties to the past, its soul being the old in the new, a heritage that enhances the quality of life in a modern city.

Sop for Mechatronics

Statement of Purpose It is my absolute pleasure to write this statement in order to show my interests,and to show my inspiratons,wishes,experience and c arer,goals. It was early 1998,when I was in twelvemonth six,my maternal uncle established an motorcar workshop which was only two minutes far on foot from our home. All kinds of overhauling and body repairing work were done in the workshop. I used to go to the shop almost everyday during coming from my school. I became habituated going to the shop aspect how the engines were overhauled,damages of body were repaired.I was really fascinated looking how the engines power transmit to the wheels and how the springs and shock absorbers absorb the shocks which saves passengers from shocking. These phenomenons stimulated me to dream to be that person who makes these systems and to think about my charge in automobile field. My confidence always grew as the calendar shrank. While selecting my Bachelor Degree subject,I wanted to study a sub jet which should be completely centered on auto Engineeringbut in Bangladesh I did not get any institution which has a Bachelor or Masters or PhD Degree on Automobile Engineering.So I selected Mechanical Engineering as my Bachelor Degree subject as only this is the subject in Bangladesh which has inter-relation with Automobile Engineering. From my childhood,I was very oft curious about the cars,their systems,novelty and modernity. I always dreamt to be that person who makes it. This curiosity drove me to attend and take part in various seminars,symposium and work groups which are related to these fields while undertaking my under graduate studies. Bangladesh is a country in which more than 0. million car have occupied the roads and the number is increasing day by day. presently the car manufacturing company TagAZ,Malaysian Agate group and Japanese Mitsubishi company are in a process of edifice car factory in Bangladesh which bequeath extend the doors for Automotive Engineers. A s in Bangladesh there is no any university which teaches Automotive Engineering,many top positions of Automobile transmission line sectors in Bangladesh have been captured by Indian Automotive Engineers.Studying in Automotive Systems not only will open the doors of my career but also will give me the opportunity to serve my country. Needless to say, the main purpose of me seeking education in Esslingen University of Applied Sciences is to acquire the skills necessary to launch myself into a career in Automotive Systems. The university also offers balance between theory and practical and focuses on individual supervision. Farid Miah

Comparison and Contrast on Theory XY and Z Essay

Douglas McGregor suggested that there ar two different ways in which we can look at workers attitudes toward work. Each of these views, which McGregor called opening X and scheme Y, has implications for management. scheme X (authoritarian management style)-People do not really like to work and will avoid it if at all possible so they moldiness be coerced, controlled, directed, threatened with punishment to get them to work.-The average worker avoids responsibility, is unambitious and wants security more than anything else.-Management based on Theory X is paternalistic at best and, at very least, authoritarian.-Rewards and punishment are assumed in this theory to be the key to employee productivity.Theory X managers believe that workers are alone motivated by one thing money. They are selfish, lazy and hate work. They need to be closely controlled and directed.Theory Y (participative management style)The theory Y is to some extent the opposite image of X-Effort in work is as natu ral as rest and play.-People will apply self-control and liberty in the pursuit of organizational objectives, and the external control or the threat of punishment is not the only means of getting them to work.-Commitment to objectives is a function of rewards associated with their achievement. The around important reward satisfaction of their own ego needs.-People usually accept and often seek responsibility.-Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are competent of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem.-In modern industry the intellectual potential of the average person is only partly utilized.Theory Y managers believe that Workers are motivated by many different factors apart from money. They enjoy their work and they will happily take on responsibility and make decisions for the business.Theory z William OuchiTheory Z makes certain assumptions about workers People tend to want to build cooperative and intima te working relationships with those that they work for and with, as well as the people that work for them. They have a high need to be supported by the company, and highly value a working environment in which such things as family, cultures and traditions, and social institutions are regarded as equally important as the work itself. They have a very well developed spirit of order, discipline, moral obligation to work hard, and a sense of cohesion with their fellow workers. Finally, Theory Z workers can be commited to do their jobs to their utmost ability, so long as management can be trusted to support them and look out for their well being.One of the best aspects of theory Z is the semipermanent employment which would appeal to Americans because they want job security. The collective decision making will create a good work environment and increase productivity. Something that Americans wint like is the slow evaluation and promotion. Americans dont like to wait years before they can get a promotion and theywould quite a get a new job instead. Another great benefit is that the company will have holistic concern for you and your family.Theory Z also places more reliance on the attitude and responsibilities of the workers, whereas McGregors XY theory is mainly focused on management and motivation from the managers and organizations perspective.Comparison & ContrastDouglas McGregor tends to categorize people as one type or another either being unwilling or unmotivated to work, or being self-motivated towards work. Threats and disciplinary action are thought to be used more effectively in this situation, although monetary rewards can also be a prime motivator to make Theory X workers produce more. William Ouchi believes that people are innately self-motivated to not only do their work, but are true towards the company, and want to make the company succeed.Theory X leaders would be more authoritarian, while Theory Y leaders would be more participative. alone in both cases it seems that the managers would still retain a great deal of control.Theory Z managers would have to have a great deal of trust that their workers could make sound decisions. Therefore, this type of leader is more likely to act as coach, and let the workers make most of the decisions.As mentioned above, McGregors managers, in both cases, would seem to keep most of the power and authority. In the case of Theory Y, the manager would take suggestions from workers, but would keep the power to implement the decision. Theory Z suggests that the managers ability to exercise power and authority comes from the workers trusting management to take care of them, and allow them to do their jobs. The workers have a great deal of input and weight in the decision making process.Conflict in the Theory Z arena would contend a great deal of discussion, collaboration, and negotiation. The workers would be the ones solving theconflicts, while the managers would play more of a third party arbitrator role. This type of manager talent be more likely to exercise a great deal of Power based conflict resolution style, especially with the Theory X workers. Theory Y workers might be given the opportunity to exert Negotiating strategies to solve their own differences.Theory Z emphasizes more frequent performance appraisals, but gradual promotions, while according to Theory X, appraisals occur on a regular basis. Promotions also occur on a regular basis.

Advantages & Disadvantages of E-Learning

E-attainment is a broad term that generally refers to any kind of learnedness done with a computer and Internet connection or CD-ROM. It is used by individuals, educational institutions and businesses. As with any emblem of learning, it works better for some than others. The quality of e-learning has improved in recent years, as teachers and students turn over change state more comfort fitted with the technology. 1. Considerations * E-learning is an excellent option in education, particularly when there are prophylactics to tralatitious learning situations.For example, some people regard to continue their educations barely do not live within cause distance of a college or university and dont find it feasible to relocate. E-learning is a viable alternative for these students. Another hindrance to traditional learning, especially in grades K through 12, is the one size fits all mentality it embraces. some(prenominal) students just do not learn well in a traditional learning e nvironment, but thrive in a more flexible setting. To address this issue, parents are turning to e-learning opportunities for their children.Some choose full-time enrollment in a virtual indoctrinate, while others use e-learning to supplement a home school curriculum. In the business world, e-learning provides a way for companies to train and instruct employees without requiring them to travel to a central location. Advantages * whatchamacallum is one of the major advantages of e-learning. It allows students to work and learn at their own pace without the unyielding time restrictions of traditional learning. Because e-learning provides access to learning materials at any time, students have the flexibility to schedule around families, jobs and other activities.Another major benefit of e-learning is the accessibility it provides. Students can learn from anywhere in the world. This is an especially important consideration for students who wish to study in a different country. In ad dition, because e-learning can be done from home, students have slight clothing and driving expenses than with traditional learning. Disadvantages * A major disadvantage to e-learning is the self-discipline it requires. While being able to work at your own pace can be an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage.This is especially true for students who have difficulty with time management and procrastination. These students tend to be more winning with the structure of traditional learning. Another disadvantage to e-learning is the technology involved. Some people do not have ready access to a computer and Internet connection. And some who do have the required equipment tone of voice ill-equipped to use it. Lack of interaction between teacher and student is another drawback to e-learning. Some students wish the immediate feedback that interaction provides. Types * There are several types of e-learning situations.The most common include taking a single course online, full-time enr ollment in an online high school or college, distance learning via satellite and learning from information on a CD-ROM. Many businesses and organizations offer training for their employees using confused e-learning methods. Warning * E-learning greatly increases the availability of educational opportunities. Unfortunately, it also increases the number of scams related to online education. Persons considering e-learning possibilities should be alert to such(prenominal) scams and thoroughly investigate any program before making a commitment.

ADVANCED TRAINING METHODS

Advanced study manners are largely the contemporary reading methods that are being applied in fitness training some others authors crap c solelyed them scientific methods of training basing that the results of the advanced methods of training are observable and a clear readyment of changes in the trainee can be easily observed.The major(ip)(ip) advanced training methods include supersets, Forced reps, Pyramid arranging and finally Periodization technique. A superset basically involves a more rigorous training method that do non allow for relaxation in between the sets. Forced reps every bit involve performing repetitive actions when the trainee has reached coaxial and exhausted through the supporter of the trainer.Pyramid system also encompasses developing the muscles through the addition of more weights in a varied manner incorporating both the volume and intensity while the other method which is the periodization employs a more planed training with the measure availabl e for training being apporti mavind every bit to ensure part development of strength and muscles and also controlling if not eradicating over training.Important to note that before any of the above methods are practice sessiond in training a proper understanding of each is paramount for impelling and avoiding simple injuries that may also result due to over training.A proper audit of mavins health is equally important to ascertain that the trainer is not suffering from any medical complication that may be increased by the trainings that at time may be intense.Its only when all these are met that genius can apply the above training methods and have remarkable results to boost of from the training, since ignoring the medical concern would basically be suicidal.IntroductionIn todays contemporary world many people have taken up training in an attempt to improve their physical fitness or just take it up as a career or sport like the body builders. Weight and resistance methods of training have become more popular with many people.These methods basically uses weight stuck as well as elastic resistance to help flex the muscles, by employing mixed training methods like super sets, agonistic reps, pyramid systems and periodization.This essay thence seeks to discuss and distinguish the above advanced training methods drawing the pros and cons of each method and their applicability, in order to provide a better understanding of each.Supersets are basically champion of the advanced training methods that involve performing two exercises in a row without any endure or relaxation between the two sets. Supersets are basically body grammatical construction method different other conventional methods like straight sets.The lack of rest in between the sets, poses a major disadvantage for this method in that it cannot be used effectively in building and developing strength or strength. ( Venuto, 2008) the inability to develop power or strength comes as a result of t he particular that the method does not allow for time for rest, olibanum this reduces the amount of weight that one can detainment with the trainees strength declining with every additional supersetBorrowing from the saying that every coin has got two sides, supersets have got numerous advantages as well in that they help save time considerably, in that no much time is worn-out(a) n relaxation in between the sets. Supersets just as the forced reps also help in increasing intensity of training that in the long run would enable the trainee develop muscles faster.According to (Venuto, 2008) Supersets also help in reducing injuries while training. This is due to the fact that the sets are continuous the muscles get overloaded and thus generate higher intensity without necessarily having to increase the weights.In addition it important to explain the three major categories of supersets which include same muscle group supersets which involve combining different exercises for a given m uscle, the instant type of superset is the Antagonistic muscle groups that derived its name from the antagonistic effect that results from pairing the two muscles enabling one to rest as the other is establishig.Ffinally the last category of supersets is the staggered sets which involve combining unrelated muscles with minor and major muscles thus training continuously. (Venuto, 2008)The other method of advanced training is the periodization method which can be depict as the changing of volume and intensity in a phased manner to stimulate gains and give direction for recovery. Under this method the volume of training equipment is reduced during training while on the other croak the intensity is increased.(Cipriani,1997)further stipulates that periodization has the advantage of bringing variations in the training that elevates development of more strength and muscles, while at the same time parcel in controlling if not eradicating over training.Periodization basically helps bri ng cookery into training for muscle-builders in that one would be able to properly allocate his training time evenly thought the period available for instance one year thus avoiding the temptation of training all through that is always brought by the desire to achieve fast results.Periodization thus ensures balance in training allowing for both intensive and low training that balances well with the body that needs rest subsequently an intensive phase thus reverting to less intensive training-low phase. (Cipriani, 1997)In order to accrue the full benefits of periodization a bodybuilder must be patient and self disciplined to follow the plan or schedule of training. Its recommended that body builders basically need to use an approximate period of 1 year with the first half being the progressive resistance phase.As the name implies the trainee should start with light weights in the early periods of the phase and increasingly or gradually add on weight until he/she reaches the curre nt maximum weight after which the increase in reps would come weekly incorporated with rest intervals in between the sets. (Cipriani, 1997)This brings out one major difference between periodization and supersets in that where as supersets do not allow for relaxation the spring does and is more planned than the latter.The other method of advanced training method is the pyramid training method that operates under the principle of developing the muscles by increasing the amount of muscular contraction when performing the various sets in an exercise. In this method the weight is varied over different sets for instance five sets of 14, 12, 8, 12 and 14 reps would involve performing the first two sets with light to gradually medium weight as a w lace up to the muscles.The work set which is also the middle set would involve the use of the heaviest weight to affirm the muscles with the drop sets which are lighter being used to plentifuligue the muscles further.(Delavier,2001) This system thus incorporates both the volume and intensity and thus popular with body builders.The major disadvantage with this technique is its inflexibility of use by different levels of bodybuilders in that with a full pyramid the weights may be in any case much for a starter to handle.Equally another advance training method is the Forced reps which are repetitions performed after a muscle failure and the trainee feels exhausted and cannot hold up the weight any more or perform any other repetition effectively. At this juncture the trainers always assist by helping in spotting the trainee.The major advantage of this method is that with severe exercises forced reps can actually be performed without necessarily having a spotter or training partner for instance with one arm having bullocky bicep curls the rest arm can as well be used in helping the arm that is being trained.(Hatfield,1993)ConclusionHaving distinguished and discussed the major advanced training methods in detail, its also important to break up by highlighting the benefits of training in general in that todays world is characterized by more and more people getting treatments for problems they would keep at bay by just remaining fit through training and eating well, Training basically helps develop strong muscular strength, sort as well as improving ones breathing process.Thus being an important aspect of human life.Body metabolic rate on the other hand increases with the increase in muscular mass, which helps in burning fat thus preventing obesity. (Runacres, 2000)Weight training also guarantees other benefits in that constant training enhances good posture and in the process reducing injuries that always occur from everydays activities.All this said than done, proper training cannot work in isolation .It basically has to be coupled up with good nutrition, where in this case good nutrition meaning a balanced diet with a bias in proteins and carbohydrates to help develop the body cells and provide s ufficient energy respectively.In my opinion I would recommend that the trainees follow the trainers instructions in order to achieve results in the various training methods being used to be successful.ReferencesCipriani, J. (2007) Periodization. Retrieved on 11th September 2008, fromhttp//www.jimcipriani.com/article-periodization.htmlDelavier, F. (2001) Strength training anatomy, human kinetic publishers.Hatfield, F. (1993) Hardcore body building scientific approach, Mc Graw-hillRunacres,A.(2000)Advanced training strategies. Retrieved on, 11th September. Fromhttp//www.wabba.co.uk/upload/advanced_training_stratergies-31-july-00pdfVenuto,T,(2008)How to build more muscles in less time with supersets. RetrievedSeptember 10th 2008 from http//www.fitfaq.com/supersets.html

History of nursing in nigeria and united states of america

According to Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria (2005) , the detailed history of a art that combines scientific principle , technical skills and personal comparison cant be precisely relayed but records hold that assist for came to limelight in 1854 when the mother of professional treat , Florence Nightingale started the battlefield with other 38 harbours and cared for the dispirited and injured men during the Crimean war in England.Here persistence dedicated emoluments, day nd night , experiences salaried off by making her famous and recognized as a lady with lamp. Her metric service resulted to the beginning of professional com/5-rights-of-nursing-delegation/nursing. Though, nursing in the early days was primarily a family matter with mothers lovingness for their own families or neighbors assisting each other.In 1880, the status of nursing was greatly improved and many women including religious army were now involved in patients care. During the era, there are many school of nursing for trained nurse finishedout Europe with the first school established in 1836 by arker Theorder Fliedner in his parisn in Kavesworth Germany by the influence of Florence Nightingale the Kareworth school. In 1882, came the first movement for the recognition and registration of nurse.International body were formed Emirgare kinglike Births Nurses Council of nurses established in 1893 and international council of nurse was established with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland and branches all over the world. to a fault in 1926, the British college of nurses was founded. The first African American graduate nurse, Mary E. Mah sensationy, who promoted integration and etter working condition, for pitch blackness patients and wellnesscare workers. Though nursing came to Nigerian through the British colonial master.They provided services and medical care for wounded soldiers at the forth with hospital later the first nursing home in Nigeria in Jericho, Ibadan by the gov ernment of the British colonial master Later on, missionaries and their wives came to supplement government effort by setting up mission homes, dispensaries etc and commence the training of nurses in Nigeria, though language barriers, there was no formal training but on the ob acquisitions skills and practical aspect are been rendered by nursing surgery The regional government in Nigeria began the training of nurses by setting individual regional tired in 1949, the school of nursing, Eleyele was established to facilitate the training of nurses, later in 1952 , the university college hospital Ibadan started the training of nurses in a higher standard. In 1949, the nursing council of Nigeria was established to complement the efforts to the various training bodies and creating standards for nurse. By 1965, plane section of nursing was established in the university of Ibadan to ommence a dot programme in Nigeria. Later on university of Ife in 1972 and university ot Nigeria Enugu also started degree in 1 , at present all t states in Nigeria has one or more school of nursing, midwifery and kind of post basic schools.More degree awarding intromission has been granted the licencse to produce degree holder in nursing. Among them are Ahmadu Bello university, zairia. University of Calabar, Calabar, Ladoke Akintola University (LAUTECH) Ogbomoso. Also Private University, Babcok university, Disan Remo Leadcity niversity, Madonna university among others started degree in nursing. Nurses, according to the ICN code of ethics as reviewed in 2005, have four fundamental responsibilities to promote health, to prevent illness, to restore health and to alleviate suffering. The need to nursing is universal inherent in nursing is respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect.Nursing care is deferential and unrestricted by considerations of age, colour, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender, sex ual rientation, nationality, polities, race or social status. Nurses render health services to the individual, the family and the community and coordinate their services with those of related groups. Before 1981 , nursing was adjudged a vocation in Nigeria, but by virtue of the industrial arbitration panel (IAP ) award of 1981, nursing got the recognition of a full-fledge profession Arising from that pronouncement, the association has been working with the N MCN to take nursing to the highest pedestal of professionalism and one of the ways is through nursing education reforms.